lua.txt Nvim NVIM REFERENCE MANUAL Lua engine lua Lua Type gO to see the table of contents. ============================================================================== INTRODUCTION lua-intro The Lua 5.1 script engine is builtin and always available. Try this command to get an idea of what lurks beneath: :lua vim.print(package.loaded) Nvim includes a "standard library" lua-stdlib for Lua. It complements the "editor stdlib" (builtin-functions and Ex-commands) and the API, all of which can be used from Lua code (lua-vimscript vim.api). Together these "namespaces" form the Nvim programming interface. Lua plugins and user config are automatically discovered and loaded, just like Vimscript. See lua-guide for practical guidance. You can also run Lua scripts from your shell using the -l argument: nvim -l foo.lua [args...] lua-compat Lua 5.1 is the permanent interface for Nvim Lua. Plugins need only consider Lua 5.1, not worry about forward-compatibility with future Lua versions. If Nvim ever ships with Lua 5.4+, a Lua 5.1 compatibility shim will be provided so that old plugins continue to work transparently. lua-luajit On supported platforms, Nvim is built with LuaJIT, which provides extra functionality (compared to PUC Lua) such as "bit" and various utilities (see lua-profile). Lua code in init.lua and plugins can assume its presence on many platforms, but for maximum compatibility should check the jit global variable: if jit then -- code for luajit else -- code for plain lua 5.1 end lua-bit The LuaJIT "bit" extension module is _always_ available: when built with PUC Lua, Nvim includes a fallback implementation which provides require("bit"). lua-profile To profile Lua code (with LuaJIT-enabled Nvim), the basic steps are: -- Start a profiling session: require('jit.p').start('ri1', '/tmp/profile') -- Perform arbitrary tasks (use plugins, scripts, etc.) ... -- Stop the session. Profile is written to /tmp/profile. require('jit.p').stop() See https://luajit.org/ext_profiler.html or the "p.lua" source for details: :lua vim.cmd.edit(package.searchpath('jit.p', package.path)) ============================================================================== LUA CONCEPTS AND IDIOMS lua-concepts Lua is very simple: this means that, while there are some quirks, once you internalize those quirks, everything works the same everywhere. Scopes (closures) in particular are very consistent, unlike JavaScript or most other languages. Lua has three fundamental mechanisms—one for "each major aspect of programming": tables, closures, and coroutines. https://www.lua.org/doc/cacm2018.pdf - Tables are the "object" or container datastructure: they represent both lists and maps, you can extend them to represent your own datatypes and change their behavior using metatables (like Python's "datamodel"). - EVERY scope in Lua is a closure: a function is a closure, a module is a closure, a do block (lua-do) is a closure--and they all work the same. A Lua module is literally just a big closure discovered on the "path" (where your modules are found: package.cpath). - Stackful coroutines enable cooperative multithreading, generators, and versatile control for both Lua and its host (Nvim). iterator An iterator is just a function that can be called repeatedly to get the "next" value of a collection (or any other iterable). This interface is expected by for-in loops, produced by pairs(), supported by vim.iter, etc. https://www.lua.org/pil/7.1.html iterable An "iterable" is anything that vim.iter() can consume: tables, dicts, lists, iterator functions, tables implementing the __call() metamethod, and vim.iter() objects. list-iterator Iterators on lua-list tables have a "middle" and "end", whereas iterators in general may be logically infinite. Therefore some vim.iter operations (e.g. Iter:rev()) make sense only on list-like tables (which are finite by definition). lua-function-call Lua functions can be called in multiple ways. Consider the function: local foo = function(a, b) print("A: ", a) print("B: ", b) end The first way to call this function is: foo(1, 2) -- ==== Result ==== -- A: 1 -- B: 2 This way of calling a function is familiar from most scripting languages. In Lua, any missing arguments are passed as nil, and extra parameters are silently discarded. Example: foo(1) -- ==== Result ==== -- A: 1 -- B: nil kwargs When calling a function, you can omit the parentheses if the function takes exactly one string literal (`"foo"`) or table literal (`{1,2,3}`). The latter is often used to mimic "named parameters" ("kwargs" or "keyword args") as in languages like Python and C#. Example: local func_with_opts = function(opts) local will_do_foo = opts.foo local filename = opts.filename ... end func_with_opts { foo = true, filename = "hello.world" } There's nothing special going on here except that parentheses are implicitly added. But visually, this small bit of sugar gets reasonably close to a "keyword args" interface. lua-regex Lua intentionally does not support regular expressions, instead it has limited lua-patterns which avoid the performance pitfalls of extended regex. Lua scripts can also use Vim regex via vim.regex(). Examples: print(string.match("foo123bar123", "%d+")) -- 123 print(string.match("foo123bar123", "[^%d]+")) -- foo print(string.match("foo123bar123", "[abc]+")) -- ba print(string.match("foo.bar", "%.bar")) -- .bar ============================================================================== IMPORTING LUA MODULES lua-module-load Modules are searched for under the directories specified in 'runtimepath', in the order they appear. Any "." in the module name is treated as a directory separator when searching. For a module foo.bar, each directory is searched for lua/foo/bar.lua, then lua/foo/bar/init.lua. If no files are found, the directories are searched again for a shared library with a name matching lua/foo/bar.?, where ? is a list of suffixes (such as so or dll) derived from the initial value of package.cpath. If still no files are found, Nvim falls back to Lua's default search mechanism. The first script found is run and require() returns the value returned by the script if any, else true. The return value is cached after the first call to require() for each module, with subsequent calls returning the cached value without searching for, or executing any script. For further details see require(). For example, if 'runtimepath' is foo,bar and package.cpath was ./?.so;./?.dll at startup, require('mod') searches these paths in order and loads the first module found ("first wins"): foo/lua/mod.lua foo/lua/mod/init.lua bar/lua/mod.lua bar/lua/mod/init.lua foo/lua/mod.so foo/lua/mod.dll bar/lua/mod.so bar/lua/mod.dll lua-package-path Nvim automatically adjusts package.path and package.cpath according to the effective 'runtimepath' value. Adjustment happens whenever 'runtimepath' is changed. package.path is adjusted by simply appending /lua/?.lua and /lua/?/init.lua to each directory from 'runtimepath' (`/` is actually the first character of package.config). Similarly to package.path, modified directories from 'runtimepath' are also added to package.cpath. In this case, instead of appending /lua/?.lua and /lua/?/init.lua to each runtimepath, all unique ?-containing suffixes of the existing package.cpath are used. Example: - 1. Given that - 'runtimepath' contains /foo/bar,/xxx;yyy/baz,/abc; - initial package.cpath (defined at compile-time or derived from $LUA_CPATH / $LUA_INIT) contains ./?.so;/def/ghi/a?d/j/g.elf;/def/?.so. - 2. It finds ?-containing suffixes /?.so, /a?d/j/g.elf and /?.so, in order: parts of the path starting from the first path component containing question mark and preceding path separator. - 3. The suffix of /def/?.so, namely /?.so is not unique, as it’s the same as the suffix of the first path from package.path (i.e. ./?.so). Which leaves /?.so and /a?d/j/g.elf, in this order. - 4. 'runtimepath' has three paths: /foo/bar, /xxx;yyy/baz and /abc. The second one contains a semicolon which is a paths separator so it is out, leaving only /foo/bar and /abc, in order. - 5. The cartesian product of paths from 4. and suffixes from 3. is taken, giving four variants. In each variant a /lua path segment is inserted between path and suffix, leaving: - /foo/bar/lua/?.so - /foo/bar/lua/a?d/j/g.elf - /abc/lua/?.so - /abc/lua/a?d/j/g.elf - 6. New paths are prepended to the original package.cpath. The result will look like this: /foo/bar,/xxx;yyy/baz,/abc ('runtimepath') × ./?.so;/def/ghi/a?d/j/g.elf;/def/?.so (package.cpath) = /foo/bar/lua/?.so;/foo/bar/lua/a?d/j/g.elf;/abc/lua/?.so;/abc/lua/a?d/j/g.elf;./?.so;/def/ghi/a?d/j/g.elf;/def/?.so Note: - To track 'runtimepath' updates, paths added at previous update are remembered and removed at the next update, while all paths derived from the new 'runtimepath' are prepended as described above. This allows removing paths when path is removed from 'runtimepath', adding paths when they are added and reordering package.path/package.cpath content if 'runtimepath' was reordered. - Although adjustments happen automatically, Nvim does not track current values of package.path or package.cpath. If you happen to delete some paths from there you can set 'runtimepath' to trigger an update: let &runtimepath = &runtimepath - Skipping paths from 'runtimepath' which contain semicolons applies both to package.path and package.cpath. Given that there are some badly written plugins using shell, which will not work with paths containing semicolons, it is better to not have them in 'runtimepath' at all. ============================================================================== COMMANDS lua-commands These commands execute a Lua chunk from either the command line (:lua, :luado) or a file (:luafile) on the given line [range]. As always in Lua, each chunk has its own scope (closure), so only global variables are shared between command calls. The lua-stdlib modules, user modules, and anything else on package.path are available. The Lua print() function redirects its output to the Nvim message area, with arguments separated by " " (space) instead of "\t" (tab). :lua= :lua :lua {chunk} Executes Lua chunk {chunk}. If {chunk} starts with "=" the rest of the chunk is evaluated as an expression and printed. `:lua =expr` and :=expr are equivalent to `:lua vim.print(expr)`. Examples: :lua vim.api.nvim_command('echo "Hello, Nvim!"') To see the Lua version: :lua print(_VERSION) To see the LuaJIT version: :lua =jit.version :{range}lua Executes buffer lines in {range} as Lua code. Unlike :source, this always treats the lines as Lua code. Example: select the following code and type ":lua<Enter>" to execute it: print(string.format( 'unix time: %s', os.time())) :lua-heredoc :lua << [trim] [{endmarker}] {script} {endmarker} Executes Lua script {script} from within Vimscript. You can omit [endmarker] after the "<<" and use a dot "." after {script} (similar to :append, :insert). Refer to :let-heredoc for more information. Example: function! CurrentLineInfo() lua << EOF local linenr = vim.api.nvim_win_get_cursor(0)[1] local curline = vim.api.nvim_buf_get_lines(0, linenr - 1, linenr, false)[1] print(string.format('Line [%d] has %d bytes', linenr, #curline)) EOF endfunction Note that the local variables will disappear when the block finishes. But not globals. :luado :[range]luado {body} Executes Lua chunk "function(line, linenr) {body} end" for each buffer line in [range], where line is the current line text (without <EOL>), and linenr is the current line number. If the function returns a string that becomes the text of the corresponding buffer line. Default [range] is the whole file: "1,$". Examples: :luado return string.format("%s\t%d", line:reverse(), #line) :lua require"lpeg" :lua -- balanced parenthesis grammar: :lua bp = lpeg.P{ "(" * ((1 - lpeg.S"()") + lpeg.V(1))^0 * ")" } :luado if bp:match(line) then return "=>\t" .. line end :luafile :luafile {file} Execute Lua script in {file}. The whole argument is used as the filename (like :edit), spaces do not need to be escaped. Alternatively you can :source Lua files. Examples: :luafile script.lua :luafile % ============================================================================== luaeval() lua-eval The (dual) equivalent of "vim.eval" for passing Lua values to Nvim is "luaeval". "luaeval" takes an expression string and an optional argument used for _A inside expression and returns the result of the expression. It is semantically equivalent in Lua to: local chunkheader = "local _A = select(1, ...) return " function luaeval (expstr, arg) local chunk = assert(loadstring(chunkheader .. expstr, "luaeval")) return chunk(arg) -- return typval end Lua nils, numbers, strings, tables and booleans are converted to their respective Vimscript types. If a Lua string contains a NUL byte, it will be converted to a Blob. Conversion of other Lua types is an error. The magic global "_A" contains the second argument to luaeval(). Example: :echo luaeval('_A[1] + _A[2]', [40, 2]) " 42 :echo luaeval('string.match(_A, "[a-z]+")', 'XYXfoo123') " foo lua-table-ambiguous Lua tables are used as both dictionaries and lists, so it is impossible to determine whether empty table is meant to be empty list or empty dictionary. Additionally Lua does not have integer numbers. To distinguish between these cases there is the following agreement: lua-list 0. Empty table is empty list. 1. Table with N consecutive integer indices starting from 1 and ending with N is considered a list. See also list-iterator. lua-dict 2. Table with string keys, none of which contains NUL byte, is considered to be a dictionary. 3. Table with string keys, at least one of which contains NUL byte, is also considered to be a dictionary, but this time it is converted to a msgpack-special-map. lua-special-tbl 4. Table with vim.type_idx key may be a dictionary, a list or floating-point value: - `{[vim.type_idx]=vim.types.float, [vim.val_idx]=1}` is converted to a floating-point 1.0. Note that by default integral Lua numbers are converted to Numbers, non-integral are converted to Floats. This variant allows integral Floats. - {[vim.type_idx]=vim.types.dictionary} is converted to an empty dictionary, `{[vim.type_idx]=vim.types.dictionary, [42]=1, a=2}` is converted to a dictionary `{'a': 42}`: non-string keys are ignored. Without vim.type_idx key tables with keys not fitting in 1., 2. or 3. are errors. - {[vim.type_idx]=vim.types.array} is converted to an empty list. As well as `{[vim.type_idx]=vim.types.array, [42]=1}`: integral keys that do not form a 1-step sequence from 1 to N are ignored, as well as all non-integral keys. Examples: :echo luaeval('math.pi') :function Rand(x,y) " random uniform between x and y : return luaeval('(_A.y-_A.x)*math.random()+_A.x', {'x':a:x,'y':a:y}) : endfunction :echo Rand(1,10) Note: Second argument to luaeval is converted ("marshalled") from Vimscript to Lua, so changes to Lua containers do not affect values in Vimscript. Return value is also always converted. When converting, msgpack-special-dicts are treated specially. ============================================================================== Vimscript v:lua interface v:lua-call From Vimscript the special v:lua prefix can be used to call Lua functions which are global or accessible from global tables. The expression call v:lua.func(arg1, arg2) is equivalent to the Lua chunk return func(...) where the args are converted to Lua values. The expression call v:lua.somemod.func(args) is equivalent to the Lua chunk return somemod.func(...) In addition, functions of packages can be accessed like call v:lua.require'mypack'.func(arg1, arg2) call v:lua.require'mypack.submod'.func(arg1, arg2) Note: Only single quote form without parens is allowed. Using require"mypack" or require('mypack') as prefixes do NOT work (the latter is still valid as a function call of itself, in case require returns a useful value). The v:lua prefix may be used to call Lua functions as methods. For example: :eval arg1->v:lua.somemod.func(arg2) You can use v:lua in "func" options like 'tagfunc', 'omnifunc', etc. For example consider the following Lua omnifunc handler: function mymod.omnifunc(findstart, base) if findstart == 1 then return 0 else return {'stuff', 'steam', 'strange things'} end end vim.bo[buf].omnifunc = 'v:lua.mymod.omnifunc' Note: The module ("mymod" in the above example) must either be a Lua global, or use require() as shown above to access it from a package. Note: v:lua without a call is not allowed in a Vimscript expression: Funcrefs cannot represent Lua functions. The following are errors: let g:Myvar = v:lua.myfunc " Error call SomeFunc(v:lua.mycallback) " Error let g:foo = v:lua " Error let g:foo = v:['lua'] " Error ============================================================================== Lua standard modules lua-stdlib The Nvim Lua "standard library" (stdlib) is the vim module, which exposes various functions and sub-modules. It is always loaded, thus require("vim") is unnecessary. You can peek at the module properties: :lua vim.print(vim) Result is something like this: { _os_proc_children = <function 1>, _os_proc_info = <function 2>, ... api = { nvim__id = <function 5>, nvim__id_array = <function 6>, ... }, deepcopy = <function 106>, gsplit = <function 107>, ... } To find documentation on e.g. the "deepcopy" function: :help vim.deepcopy() Note that underscore-prefixed functions (e.g. "_os_proc_children") are internal/private and must not be used by plugins. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ VIM.UV lua-loop vim.uv vim.uv exposes the "luv" Lua bindings for the libUV library that Nvim uses for networking, filesystem, and process management, see luvref.txt. In particular, it allows interacting with the main Nvim luv-event-loop. E5560 lua-loop-callbacks It is an error to directly invoke vim.api functions (except api-fast) in vim.uv callbacks. For example, this is an error: local timer = vim.uv.new_timer() timer:start(1000, 0, function() vim.api.nvim_command('echomsg "test"') end) To avoid the error use vim.schedule_wrap() to defer the callback: local timer = vim.uv.new_timer() timer:start(1000, 0, vim.schedule_wrap(function() vim.api.nvim_command('echomsg "test"') end)) (For one-shot timers, see vim.defer_fn(), which automatically adds the wrapping.) Example: repeating timer 1. Save this code to a file. 2. Execute it with ":luafile %". -- Create a timer handle (implementation detail: uv_timer_t). local timer = vim.uv.new_timer() local i = 0 -- Waits 1000ms, then repeats every 750ms until timer:close(). timer:start(1000, 750, function() print('timer invoked! i='..tostring(i)) if i > 4 then timer:close() -- Always close handles to avoid leaks. end i = i + 1 end) print('sleeping'); Example: File-change detection watch-file 1. Save this code to a file. 2. Execute it with ":luafile %". 3. Use ":Watch %" to watch any file. 4. Try editing the file from another text editor. 5. Observe that the file reloads in Nvim (because on_change() calls :checktime). local w = vim.uv.new_fs_event() local function on_change(err, fname, status) -- Do work... vim.api.nvim_command('checktime') -- Debounce: stop/start. w:stop() watch_file(fname) end function watch_file(fname) local fullpath = vim.api.nvim_call_function( 'fnamemodify', {fname, ':p'}) w:start(fullpath, {}, vim.schedule_wrap(function(...) on_change(...) end)) end vim.api.nvim_command( "command! -nargs=1 Watch call luaeval('watch_file(_A)', expand('<args>'))") fswatch-limitations When on Linux and using fswatch, you may need to increase the maximum number of inotify watches and queued events as the default limit can be too low. To increase the limit, run: >sh sysctl fs.inotify.max_user_watches=100000 sysctl fs.inotify.max_queued_events=100000 < This will increase the limit to 100000 watches and queued events. These lines can be added to /etc/sysctl.conf to make the changes persistent. Example: TCP echo-server tcp-server 1. Save this code to a file. 2. Execute it with ":luafile %". 3. Note the port number. 4. Connect from any TCP client (e.g. "nc 0.0.0.0 36795"): local function create_server(host, port, on_connect) local server = vim.uv.new_tcp() server:bind(host, port) server:listen(128, function(err) assert(not err, err) -- Check for errors. local sock = vim.uv.new_tcp() server:accept(sock) -- Accept client connection. on_connect(sock) -- Start reading messages. end) return server end local server = create_server('0.0.0.0', 0, function(sock) sock:read_start(function(err, chunk) assert(not err, err) -- Check for errors. if chunk then sock:write(chunk) -- Echo received messages to the channel. else -- EOF (stream closed). sock:close() -- Always close handles to avoid leaks. end end) end) print('TCP echo-server listening on port: '..server:getsockname().port) Multithreading lua-loop-threading Plugins can perform work in separate (os-level) threads using the threading APIs in luv, for instance vim.uv.new_thread. Note that every thread gets its own separate Lua interpreter state, with no access to Lua globals in the main thread. Neither can the state of the editor (buffers, windows, etc) be directly accessed from threads. A subset of the vim.* API is available in threads. This includes: - vim.uv with a separate event loop per thread. - vim.mpack and vim.json (useful for serializing messages between threads) - require in threads can use Lua packages from the global package.path - print() and vim.inspect - vim.diff - most utility functions in vim.* for working with pure Lua values like vim.split, vim.tbl_*, vim.list_*, and so on. - vim.is_thread() returns true from a non-main thread. ============================================================================== VIM.HIGHLIGHT vim.highlight vim.highlight.on_yank({opts}) vim.highlight.on_yank() Highlight the yanked text during a TextYankPost event. Add the following to your init.vim: autocmd TextYankPost * silent! lua vim.highlight.on_yank {higroup='Visual', timeout=300} Parameters: • {opts} (`table?`) Optional parameters • higroup highlight group for yanked region (default "IncSearch") • timeout time in ms before highlight is cleared (default 150) • on_macro highlight when executing macro (default false) • on_visual highlight when yanking visual selection (default true) • event event structure (default vim.v.event) • priority integer priority (default vim.highlight.priorities.user) vim.highlight.priorities vim.highlight.priorities Table with default priorities used for highlighting: • syntax: 50, used for standard syntax highlighting • treesitter: 100, used for treesitter-based highlighting • semantic_tokens: 125, used for LSP semantic token highlighting • diagnostics: 150, used for code analysis such as diagnostics • user: 200, used for user-triggered highlights such as LSP document symbols or on_yank autocommands vim.highlight.range() vim.highlight.range({bufnr}, {ns}, {higroup}, {start}, {finish}, {opts}) Apply highlight group to range of text. Parameters: • {bufnr} (`integer`) Buffer number to apply highlighting to • {ns} (`integer`) Namespace to add highlight to • {higroup} (`string`) Highlight group to use for highlighting • {start} (`integer[]|string`) Start of region as a (line, column) tuple or string accepted by getpos() • {finish} (`integer[]|string`) End of region as a (line, column) tuple or string accepted by getpos() • {opts} (`table?`) A table with the following fields: • {regtype}? (`string`, default: 'charwise') Type of range. See setreg() • {inclusive}? (`boolean`, default: false) Indicates whether the range is end-inclusive • {priority}? (`integer`, default: vim.highlight.priorities.user) Indicates priority of highlight ============================================================================== VIM.DIFF vim.diff vim.diff({a}, {b}, {opts}) vim.diff() Run diff on strings {a} and {b}. Any indices returned by this function, either directly or via callback arguments, are 1-based. Examples: vim.diff('a\n', 'b\nc\n') -- => -- @@ -1 +1,2 @@ -- -a -- +b -- +c vim.diff('a\n', 'b\nc\n', {result_type = 'indices'}) -- => -- { -- {1, 1, 1, 2} -- } Parameters: • {a} (`string`) First string to compare • {b} (`string`) Second string to compare • {opts} (`table?`) Optional parameters: • {on_hunk}? (`fun(start_a: integer, count_a: integer, start_b: integer, count_b: integer): integer`) Invoked for each hunk in the diff. Return a negative number to cancel the callback for any remaining hunks. Arguments: • start_a (`integer`): Start line of hunk in {a}. • count_a (`integer`): Hunk size in {a}. • start_b (`integer`): Start line of hunk in {b}. • count_b (`integer`): Hunk size in {b}. • {result_type}? (`'unified'|'indices'`, default: 'unified') Form of the returned diff: • unified: String in unified format. • indices: Array of hunk locations. Note: This option is ignored if on_hunk is used. • {linematch}? (`boolean|integer`) Run linematch on the resulting hunks from xdiff. When integer, only hunks upto this size in lines are run through linematch. Requires `result_type = indices`, ignored otherwise. • {algorithm}? (`'myers''minimal''patience'|'histogram'`, default: 'myers') Diff algorithm to use. Values: • myers: the default algorithm • minimal: spend extra time to generate the smallest possible diff • patience: patience diff algorithm • histogram: histogram diff algorithm • {ctxlen}? (`integer`) Context length • {interhunkctxlen}? (`integer`) Inter hunk context length • {ignore_whitespace}? (`boolean`) Ignore whitespace • {ignore_whitespace_change}? (`boolean`) Ignore whitespace change • {ignore_whitespace_change_at_eol}? (`boolean`) Ignore whitespace change at end-of-line. • {ignore_cr_at_eol}? (`boolean`) Ignore carriage return at end-of-line • {ignore_blank_lines}? (`boolean`) Ignore blank lines • {indent_heuristic}? (`boolean`) Use the indent heuristic for the internal diff library. Return: (`string|integer[]`) See {opts.result_type}. nil if {opts.on_hunk} is given. ============================================================================== VIM.MPACK vim.mpack This module provides encoding and decoding of Lua objects to and from msgpack-encoded strings. Supports vim.NIL and vim.empty_dict(). vim.mpack.decode({str}) vim.mpack.decode() Decodes (or "unpacks") the msgpack-encoded {str} to a Lua object. Parameters: • {str} (`string`) Return: (`any`) vim.mpack.encode({obj}) vim.mpack.encode() Encodes (or "packs") Lua object {obj} as msgpack in a Lua string. Parameters: • {obj} (`any`) Return: (`string`) ============================================================================== VIM.JSON vim.json This module provides encoding and decoding of Lua objects to and from JSON-encoded strings. Supports vim.NIL and vim.empty_dict(). vim.json.decode({str}, {opts}) vim.json.decode() Decodes (or "unpacks") the JSON-encoded {str} to a Lua object. • Decodes JSON "null" as vim.NIL (controllable by {opts}, see below). • Decodes empty object as vim.empty_dict(). • Decodes empty array as {} (empty Lua table). Example: vim.print(vim.json.decode('{"bar":[],"foo":{},"zub":null}')) -- { bar = {}, foo = vim.empty_dict(), zub = vim.NIL } Parameters: • {str} (`string`) Stringified JSON data. • {opts} (`table<string,any>?`) Options table with keys: • luanil: (table) Table with keys: • object: (boolean) When true, converts null in JSON objects to Lua nil instead of vim.NIL. • array: (boolean) When true, converts null in JSON arrays to Lua nil instead of vim.NIL. Return: (`any`) vim.json.encode({obj}) vim.json.encode() Encodes (or "packs") Lua object {obj} as JSON in a Lua string. Parameters: • {obj} (`any`) Return: (`string`) ============================================================================== VIM.BASE64 vim.base64 vim.base64.decode({str}) vim.base64.decode() Decode a Base64 encoded string. Parameters: • {str} (`string`) Base64 encoded string Return: (`string`) Decoded string vim.base64.encode({str}) vim.base64.encode() Encode {str} using Base64. Parameters: • {str} (`string`) String to encode Return: (`string`) Encoded string ============================================================================== VIM.SPELL vim.spell vim.spell.check({str}) vim.spell.check() Check {str} for spelling errors. Similar to the Vimscript function spellbadword(). Note: The behaviour of this function is dependent on: 'spelllang', 'spellfile', 'spellcapcheck' and 'spelloptions' which can all be local to the buffer. Consider calling this with nvim_buf_call(). Example: vim.spell.check("the quik brown fox") -- => -- { -- {'quik', 'bad', 5} -- } Parameters: • {str} (`string`) Return: (`{[1]: string, [2]: 'bad''rare''local'|'caps', [3]: integer}[]`) List of tuples with three items: • The badly spelled word. • The type of the spelling error: "bad" spelling mistake "rare" rare word "local" word only valid in another region "caps" word should start with Capital • The position in {str} where the word begins. ============================================================================== VIM vim.builtin vim.api.{func}({...}) vim.api Invokes Nvim API function {func} with arguments {...}. Example: call the "nvim_get_current_line()" API function: print(tostring(vim.api.nvim_get_current_line())) vim.NIL vim.NIL Special value representing NIL in RPC and v:null in Vimscript conversion, and similar cases. Lua nil cannot be used as part of a Lua table representing a Dictionary or Array, because it is treated as missing: `{"foo", nil}` is the same as {"foo"}. vim.type_idx vim.type_idx Type index for use in lua-special-tbl. Specifying one of the values from vim.types allows typing the empty table (it is unclear whether empty Lua table represents empty list or empty array) and forcing integral numbers to be Float. See lua-special-tbl for more details. vim.val_idx vim.val_idx Value index for tables representing Floats. A table representing floating-point value 1.0 looks like this: { [vim.type_idx] = vim.types.float, [vim.val_idx] = 1.0, } See also vim.type_idx and lua-special-tbl. vim.types vim.types Table with possible values for vim.type_idx. Contains two sets of key-value pairs: first maps possible values for vim.type_idx to human-readable strings, second maps human-readable type names to values for vim.type_idx. Currently contains pairs for float, array and dictionary types. Note: One must expect that values corresponding to vim.types.float, vim.types.array and vim.types.dictionary fall under only two following assumptions: 1. Value may serve both as a key and as a value in a table. Given the properties of Lua tables this basically means “value is not nil”. 2. For each value in vim.types table vim.types[vim.types[value]] is the same as value. No other restrictions are put on types, and it is not guaranteed that values corresponding to vim.types.float, vim.types.array and vim.types.dictionary will not change or that vim.types table will only contain values for these three types. log_levels vim.log.levels Log levels are one of the values defined in vim.log.levels: vim.log.levels.DEBUG vim.log.levels.ERROR vim.log.levels.INFO vim.log.levels.TRACE vim.log.levels.WARN vim.log.levels.OFF vim.empty_dict() vim.empty_dict() Creates a special empty table (marked with a metatable), which Nvim converts to an empty dictionary when translating Lua values to Vimscript or API types. Nvim by default converts an empty table {} without this metatable to an list/array. Note: If numeric keys are present in the table, Nvim ignores the metatable marker and converts the dict to a list/array anyway. Return: (`table`) vim.iconv({str}, {from}, {to}) vim.iconv() The result is a String, which is the text {str} converted from encoding {from} to encoding {to}. When the conversion fails nil is returned. When some characters could not be converted they are replaced with "?". The encoding names are whatever the iconv() library function can accept, see ":Man 3 iconv". Parameters: • {str} (`string`) Text to convert • {from} (`string`) Encoding of {str} • {to} (`string`) Target encoding Return: (`string?`) Converted string if conversion succeeds, nil otherwise. vim.in_fast_event() vim.in_fast_event() Returns true if the code is executing as part of a "fast" event handler, where most of the API is disabled. These are low-level events (e.g. lua-loop-callbacks) which can be invoked whenever Nvim polls for input. When this is false most API functions are callable (but may be subject to other restrictions such as textlock). vim.rpcnotify({channel}, {method}, {...}) vim.rpcnotify() Sends {event} to {channel} via RPC and returns immediately. If {channel} is 0, the event is broadcast to all channels. This function also works in a fast callback lua-loop-callbacks. Parameters: • {channel} (`integer`) • {method} (`string`) • {...} (`any?`) vim.rpcrequest({channel}, {method}, {...}) vim.rpcrequest() Sends a request to {channel} to invoke {method} via RPC and blocks until a response is received. Note: NIL values as part of the return value is represented as vim.NIL special value Parameters: • {channel} (`integer`) • {method} (`string`) • {...} (`any?`) vim.schedule({fn}) vim.schedule() Schedules {fn} to be invoked soon by the main event-loop. Useful to avoid textlock or other temporary restrictions. Parameters: • {fn} (`fun()`) vim.str_byteindex({str}, {index}, {use_utf16}) vim.str_byteindex() Convert UTF-32 or UTF-16 {index} to byte index. If {use_utf16} is not supplied, it defaults to false (use UTF-32). Returns the byte index. Invalid UTF-8 and NUL is treated like in vim.str_utfindex(). An {index} in the middle of a UTF-16 sequence is rounded upwards to the end of that sequence. Parameters: • {str} (`string`) • {index} (`integer`) • {use_utf16} (`boolean?`) vim.str_utf_end({str}, {index}) vim.str_utf_end() Gets the distance (in bytes) from the last byte of the codepoint (character) that {index} points to. Examples: -- The character 'æ' is stored as the bytes '\xc3\xa6' (using UTF-8) -- Returns 0 because the index is pointing at the last byte of a character vim.str_utf_end('æ', 2) -- Returns 1 because the index is pointing at the penultimate byte of a character vim.str_utf_end('æ', 1) Parameters: • {str} (`string`) • {index} (`integer`) Return: (`integer`) vim.str_utf_pos({str}) vim.str_utf_pos() Gets a list of the starting byte positions of each UTF-8 codepoint in the given string. Embedded NUL bytes are treated as terminating the string. Parameters: • {str} (`string`) Return: (`integer[]`) vim.str_utf_start({str}, {index}) vim.str_utf_start() Gets the distance (in bytes) from the starting byte of the codepoint (character) that {index} points to. The result can be added to {index} to get the starting byte of a character. Examples: -- The character 'æ' is stored as the bytes '\xc3\xa6' (using UTF-8) -- Returns 0 because the index is pointing at the first byte of a character vim.str_utf_start('æ', 1) -- Returns -1 because the index is pointing at the second byte of a character vim.str_utf_start('æ', 2) Parameters: • {str} (`string`) • {index} (`integer`) Return: (`integer`) vim.str_utfindex({str}, {index}) vim.str_utfindex() Convert byte index to UTF-32 and UTF-16 indices. If {index} is not supplied, the length of the string is used. All indices are zero-based. Embedded NUL bytes are treated as terminating the string. Invalid UTF-8 bytes, and embedded surrogates are counted as one code point each. An {index} in the middle of a UTF-8 sequence is rounded upwards to the end of that sequence. Parameters: • {str} (`string`) • {index} (`integer?`) Return (multiple): (`integer`) UTF-32 index (`integer`) UTF-16 index vim.stricmp({a}, {b}) vim.stricmp() Compares strings case-insensitively. Parameters: • {a} (`string`) • {b} (`string`) Return: (`01-1`) if strings are equal, {a} is greater than {b} or {a} is lesser than {b}, respectively. vim.ui_attach({ns}, {options}, {callback}) vim.ui_attach() Attach to ui events, similar to nvim_ui_attach() but receive events as Lua callback. Can be used to implement screen elements like popupmenu or message handling in Lua. {options} should be a dictionary-like table, where ext_... options should be set to true to receive events for the respective external element. {callback} receives event name plus additional parameters. See ui-popupmenu and the sections below for event format for respective events. WARNING: This api is considered experimental. Usability will vary for different screen elements. In particular ext_messages behavior is subject to further changes and usability improvements. This is expected to be used to handle messages when setting 'cmdheight' to zero (which is likewise experimental). Example (stub for a ui-popupmenu implementation): ns = vim.api.nvim_create_namespace('my_fancy_pum') vim.ui_attach(ns, {ext_popupmenu=true}, function(event, ...) if event == "popupmenu_show" then local items, selected, row, col, grid = ... print("display pum ", #items) elseif event == "popupmenu_select" then local selected = ... print("selected", selected) elseif event == "popupmenu_hide" then print("FIN") end end) Parameters: • {ns} (`integer`) • {options} (`table<string, any>`) • {callback} (`fun()`) vim.ui_detach({ns}) vim.ui_detach() Detach a callback previously attached with vim.ui_attach() for the given namespace {ns}. Parameters: • {ns} (`integer`) vim.wait({time}, {callback}, {interval}, {fast_only}) vim.wait() Wait for {time} in milliseconds until {callback} returns true. Executes {callback} immediately and at approximately {interval} milliseconds (default 200). Nvim still processes other events during this time. Cannot be called while in an api-fast event. Examples: --- -- Wait for 100 ms, allowing other events to process vim.wait(100, function() end) --- -- Wait for 100 ms or until global variable set. vim.wait(100, function() return vim.g.waiting_for_var end) --- -- Wait for 1 second or until global variable set, checking every ~500 ms vim.wait(1000, function() return vim.g.waiting_for_var end, 500) --- -- Schedule a function to set a value in 100ms vim.defer_fn(function() vim.g.timer_result = true end, 100) -- Would wait ten seconds if results blocked. Actually only waits 100 ms if vim.wait(10000, function() return vim.g.timer_result end) then print('Only waiting a little bit of time!') end Parameters: • {time} (`integer`) Number of milliseconds to wait • {callback} (`fun(): boolean?`) Optional callback. Waits until {callback} returns true • {interval} (`integer?`) (Approximate) number of milliseconds to wait between polls • {fast_only} (`boolean?`) If true, only api-fast events will be processed. Return (multiple): (`boolean`) (`-1|-2?`) • If {callback} returns true during the {time}: `true, nil` • If {callback} never returns true during the {time}: `false, -1` • If {callback} is interrupted during the {time}: `false, -2` • If {callback} errors, the error is raised. ============================================================================== LUA-VIMSCRIPT BRIDGE lua-vimscript Nvim Lua provides an interface or "bridge" to Vimscript variables and functions, and editor commands and options. Objects passed over this bridge are COPIED (marshalled): there are no "references". lua-guide-variables For example, using vim.fn.remove() on a Lua list copies the list object to Vimscript and does NOT modify the Lua list: local list = { 1, 2, 3 } vim.fn.remove(list, 0) vim.print(list) --> "{ 1, 2, 3 }" vim.call({func}, {...}) vim.call() Invokes vim-function or user-function {func} with arguments {...}. See also vim.fn. Equivalent to: vim.fn[func]({...}) vim.cmd({command}) See vim.cmd(). vim.fn.{func}({...}) vim.fn Invokes vim-function or user-function {func} with arguments {...}. To call autoload functions, use the syntax: vim.fn['some#function']({...}) Unlike vim.api.nvim_call_function() this converts directly between Vim objects and Lua objects. If the Vim function returns a float, it will be represented directly as a Lua number. Empty lists and dictionaries both are represented by an empty table. Note: v:null values as part of the return value is represented as vim.NIL special value Note: vim.fn keys are generated lazily, thus pairs(vim.fn) only enumerates functions that were called at least once. Note: The majority of functions cannot run in api-fast callbacks with some undocumented exceptions which are allowed. lua-vim-variables The Vim editor global dictionaries g: w: b: t: v: can be accessed from Lua conveniently and idiomatically by referencing the vim.* Lua tables described below. In this way you can easily read and modify global Vimscript variables from Lua. Example: vim.g.foo = 5 -- Set the g:foo Vimscript variable. print(vim.g.foo) -- Get and print the g:foo Vimscript variable. vim.g.foo = nil -- Delete (:unlet) the Vimscript variable. vim.b[2].foo = 6 -- Set b:foo for buffer 2 Note that setting dictionary fields directly will not write them back into Nvim. This is because the index into the namespace simply returns a copy. Instead the whole dictionary must be written as one. This can be achieved by creating a short-lived temporary. Example: vim.g.my_dict.field1 = 'value' -- Does not work local my_dict = vim.g.my_dict -- my_dict.field1 = 'value' -- Instead do vim.g.my_dict = my_dict -- vim.g vim.g Global (g:) editor variables. Key with no value returns nil. vim.b vim.b Buffer-scoped (b:) variables for the current buffer. Invalid or unset key returns nil. Can be indexed with an integer to access variables for a specific buffer. vim.w vim.w Window-scoped (w:) variables for the current window. Invalid or unset key returns nil. Can be indexed with an integer to access variables for a specific window. vim.t vim.t Tabpage-scoped (t:) variables for the current tabpage. Invalid or unset key returns nil. Can be indexed with an integer to access variables for a specific tabpage. vim.v vim.v v: variables. Invalid or unset key returns nil. lua-options lua-vim-options lua-vim-set lua-vim-setlocal Vim options can be accessed through vim.o, which behaves like Vimscript :set. Examples: To set a boolean toggle: Vimscript: `set number` Lua: `vim.o.number = true` To set a string value: Vimscript: `set wildignore=*.o,*.a,__pycache__` Lua: `vim.o.wildignore = '*.o,*.a,__pycache__'` Similarly, there is vim.bo and vim.wo for setting buffer-scoped and window-scoped options. Note that this must NOT be confused with local-options and :setlocal. There is also vim.go that only accesses the global value of a global-local option, see :setglobal. vim.opt_local vim.opt_global vim.opt A special interface vim.opt exists for conveniently interacting with list- and map-style option from Lua: It allows accessing them as Lua tables and offers object-oriented method for adding and removing entries. Examples: The following methods of setting a list-style option are equivalent: In Vimscript: set wildignore=*.o,*.a,__pycache__ In Lua using vim.o: vim.o.wildignore = '*.o,*.a,__pycache__' In Lua using vim.opt: vim.opt.wildignore = { '*.o', '*.a', '__pycache__' } To replicate the behavior of :set+=, use: vim.opt.wildignore:append { "*.pyc", "node_modules" } To replicate the behavior of :set^=, use: vim.opt.wildignore:prepend { "new_first_value" } To replicate the behavior of :set-=, use: vim.opt.wildignore:remove { "node_modules" } The following methods of setting a map-style option are equivalent: In Vimscript: set listchars=space:_,tab:>~ In Lua using vim.o: vim.o.listchars = 'space:_,tab:>~' In Lua using vim.opt: vim.opt.listchars = { space = '_', tab = '>~' } Note that vim.opt returns an Option object, not the value of the option, which is accessed through vim.opt:get(): Examples: The following methods of getting a list-style option are equivalent: In Vimscript: echo wildignore In Lua using vim.o: print(vim.o.wildignore) In Lua using vim.opt: vim.print(vim.opt.wildignore:get()) In any of the above examples, to replicate the behavior :setlocal, use vim.opt_local. Additionally, to replicate the behavior of :setglobal, use vim.opt_global. Option:append({value}) vim.opt:append() Append a value to string-style options. See :set+= These are equivalent: vim.opt.formatoptions:append('j') vim.opt.formatoptions = vim.opt.formatoptions + 'j' Parameters: • {value} (`string`) Value to append Option:get() vim.opt:get() Returns a Lua-representation of the option. Boolean, number and string values will be returned in exactly the same fashion. For values that are comma-separated lists, an array will be returned with the values as entries in the array: vim.cmd [[set wildignore=*.pyc,*.o]] vim.print(vim.opt.wildignore:get()) -- { "*.pyc", "*.o", } for _, ignore_pattern in ipairs(vim.opt.wildignore:get()) do print("Will ignore:", ignore_pattern) end -- Will ignore: *.pyc -- Will ignore: *.o For values that are comma-separated maps, a table will be returned with the names as keys and the values as entries: vim.cmd [[set listchars=space:_,tab:>~]] vim.print(vim.opt.listchars:get()) -- { space = "_", tab = ">~", } for char, representation in pairs(vim.opt.listchars:get()) do print(char, "=>", representation) end For values that are lists of flags, a set will be returned with the flags as keys and true as entries. vim.cmd [[set formatoptions=njtcroql]] vim.print(vim.opt.formatoptions:get()) -- { n = true, j = true, c = true, ... } local format_opts = vim.opt.formatoptions:get() if format_opts.j then print("J is enabled!") end Return: (`stringintegerboolean?`) value of option Option:prepend({value}) vim.opt:prepend() Prepend a value to string-style options. See :set^= These are equivalent: vim.opt.wildignore:prepend('*.o') vim.opt.wildignore = vim.opt.wildignore ^ '*.o' Parameters: • {value} (`string`) Value to prepend Option:remove({value}) vim.opt:remove() Remove a value from string-style options. See :set-= These are equivalent: vim.opt.wildignore:remove('*.pyc') vim.opt.wildignore = vim.opt.wildignore - '*.pyc' Parameters: • {value} (`string`) Value to remove vim.bo[{bufnr}] vim.bo Get or set buffer-scoped options for the buffer with number {bufnr}. If {bufnr} is omitted then the current buffer is used. Invalid {bufnr} or key is an error. Note: this is equivalent to :setlocal for global-local options and :set otherwise. Example: local bufnr = vim.api.nvim_get_current_buf() vim.bo[bufnr].buflisted = true -- same as vim.bo.buflisted = true print(vim.bo.comments) print(vim.bo.baz) -- error: invalid key vim.env vim.env Environment variables defined in the editor session. See expand-env and :let-environment for the Vimscript behavior. Invalid or unset key returns nil. Example: vim.env.FOO = 'bar' print(vim.env.TERM) vim.go vim.go Get or set global options. Like :setglobal. Invalid key is an error. Note: this is different from vim.o because this accesses the global option value and thus is mostly useful for use with global-local options. Example: vim.go.cmdheight = 4 print(vim.go.columns) print(vim.go.bar) -- error: invalid key vim.o vim.o Get or set options. Like :set. Invalid key is an error. Note: this works on both buffer-scoped and window-scoped options using the current buffer and window. Example: vim.o.cmdheight = 4 print(vim.o.columns) print(vim.o.foo) -- error: invalid key vim.wo[{winid}][{bufnr}] vim.wo Get or set window-scoped options for the window with handle {winid} and buffer with number {bufnr}. Like :setlocal if setting a global-local option or if {bufnr} is provided, like :set otherwise. If {winid} is omitted then the current window is used. Invalid {winid}, {bufnr} or key is an error. Note: only {bufnr} with value 0 (the current buffer in the window) is supported. Example: local winid = vim.api.nvim_get_current_win() vim.wo[winid].number = true -- same as vim.wo.number = true print(vim.wo.foldmarker) print(vim.wo.quux) -- error: invalid key vim.wo[winid][0].spell = false -- like ':setlocal nospell' ============================================================================== Lua module: vim lua-vim vim.cmd({command}) vim.cmd() Executes Vim script commands. Note that vim.cmd can be indexed with a command name to return a callable function to the command. Example: vim.cmd('echo 42') vim.cmd([[ augroup My_group autocmd! autocmd FileType c setlocal cindent augroup END ]]) -- Ex command :echo "foo" -- Note string literals need to be double quoted. vim.cmd('echo "foo"') vim.cmd { cmd = 'echo', args = { '"foo"' } } vim.cmd.echo({ args = { '"foo"' } }) vim.cmd.echo('"foo"') -- Ex command :write! myfile.txt vim.cmd('write! myfile.txt') vim.cmd { cmd = 'write', args = { "myfile.txt" }, bang = true } vim.cmd.write { args = { "myfile.txt" }, bang = true } vim.cmd.write { "myfile.txt", bang = true } -- Ex command :colorscheme blue vim.cmd('colorscheme blue') vim.cmd.colorscheme('blue') Parameters: • {command} (`string|table`) Command(s) to execute. If a string, executes multiple lines of Vim script at once. In this case, it is an alias to nvim_exec2(), where opts.output is set to false. Thus it works identical to :source. If a table, executes a single command. In this case, it is an alias to nvim_cmd() where opts is empty. See also: • ex-cmd-index vim.defer_fn({fn}, {timeout}) vim.defer_fn() Defers calling {fn} until {timeout} ms passes. Use to do a one-shot timer that calls {fn} Note: The {fn} is vim.schedule_wrap()ped automatically, so API functions are safe to call. Parameters: • {fn} (`function`) Callback to call once timeout expires • {timeout} (`integer`) Number of milliseconds to wait before calling fn Return: (`table`) timer luv timer object vim.deprecate() vim.deprecate({name}, {alternative}, {version}, {plugin}, {backtrace}) Shows a deprecation message to the user. Parameters: • {name} (`string`) Deprecated feature (function, API, etc.). • {alternative} (`string?`) Suggested alternative feature. • {version} (`string`) Version when the deprecated function will be removed. • {plugin} (`string?`) Name of the plugin that owns the deprecated feature. Defaults to "Nvim". • {backtrace} (`boolean?`) Prints backtrace. Defaults to true. Return: (`string?`) Deprecated message, or nil if no message was shown. vim.inspect() vim.inspect() Gets a human-readable representation of the given object. Return: (`string`) See also: • vim.print() • https://github.com/kikito/inspect.lua • https://github.com/mpeterv/vinspect vim.keycode({str}) vim.keycode() Translates keycodes. Example: local k = vim.keycode vim.g.mapleader = k'<bs>' Parameters: • {str} (`string`) String to be converted. Return: (`string`) See also: • nvim_replace_termcodes() vim.lua_omnifunc({find_start}) vim.lua_omnifunc() Omnifunc for completing Lua values from the runtime Lua interpreter, similar to the builtin completion for the :lua command. Activate using `set omnifunc=v:lua.vim.lua_omnifunc` in a Lua buffer. Parameters: • {find_start} (`1|0`) vim.notify({msg}, {level}, {opts}) vim.notify() Displays a notification to the user. This function can be overridden by plugins to display notifications using a custom provider (such as the system notification provider). By default, writes to :messages. Parameters: • {msg} (`string`) Content of the notification to show to the user. • {level} (`integer?`) One of the values from vim.log.levels. • {opts} (`table?`) Optional parameters. Unused by default. vim.notify_once({msg}, {level}, {opts}) vim.notify_once() Displays a notification only one time. Like vim.notify(), but subsequent calls with the same message will not display a notification. Parameters: • {msg} (`string`) Content of the notification to show to the user. • {level} (`integer?`) One of the values from vim.log.levels. • {opts} (`table?`) Optional parameters. Unused by default. Return: (`boolean`) true if message was displayed, else false vim.on_key({fn}, {ns_id}) vim.on_key() Adds Lua function {fn} with namespace id {ns_id} as a listener to every, yes every, input key. The Nvim command-line option -w is related but does not support callbacks and cannot be toggled dynamically. Note: • {fn} will be removed on error. • {fn} will not be cleared by nvim_buf_clear_namespace() Parameters: • {fn} (`fun(key: string, typed: string)?`) Function invoked on every key press. i_CTRL-V {key} is the key after mappings have been applied, and {typed} is the key(s) before mappings are applied, which may be empty if {key} is produced by non-typed keys. When {fn} is nil and {ns_id} is specified, the callback associated with namespace {ns_id} is removed. • {ns_id} (`integer?`) Namespace ID. If nil or 0, generates and returns a new nvim_create_namespace() id. Return: (`integer`) Namespace id associated with {fn}. Or count of all callbacks if on_key() is called without arguments. vim.paste({lines}, {phase}) vim.paste() Paste handler, invoked by nvim_paste() when a conforming UI (such as the TUI) pastes text into the editor. Example: To remove ANSI color codes when pasting: vim.paste = (function(overridden) return function(lines, phase) for i,line in ipairs(lines) do -- Scrub ANSI color codes from paste input. lines[i] = line:gsub('\27%[[0-9;mK]+', '') end overridden(lines, phase) end end)(vim.paste) Parameters: • {lines} (`string[]`) readfile()-style list of lines to paste. channel-lines • {phase} (`-112|3`) -1: "non-streaming" paste: the call contains all lines. If paste is "streamed", phase indicates the stream state: • 1: starts the paste (exactly once) • 2: continues the paste (zero or more times) • 3: ends the paste (exactly once) Return: (`boolean`) result false if client should cancel the paste. See also: • paste vim.print({...}) vim.print() "Pretty prints" the given arguments and returns them unmodified. Example: local hl_normal = vim.print(vim.api.nvim_get_hl(0, { name = 'Normal' })) Parameters: • {...} (`any`) Return: (`any`) given arguments. See also: • vim.inspect() • := vim.region() vim.region({bufnr}, {pos1}, {pos2}, {regtype}, {inclusive}) Gets a dict of line segment ("chunk") positions for the region from pos1 to pos2. Input and output positions are byte positions, (0,0)-indexed. "End of line" column position (for example, linewise visual selection) is returned as v:maxcol (big number). Parameters: • {bufnr} (`integer`) Buffer number, or 0 for current buffer • {pos1} (`integer[]|string`) Start of region as a (line, column) tuple or getpos()-compatible string • {pos2} (`integer[]|string`) End of region as a (line, column) tuple or getpos()-compatible string • {regtype} (`string`) setreg()-style selection type • {inclusive} (`boolean`) Controls whether the ending column is inclusive (see also 'selection'). Return: (`table`) region Dict of the form `{linenr = {startcol,endcol}}`. endcol is exclusive, and whole lines are returned as `{startcol,endcol} = {0,-1}`. vim.schedule_wrap({fn}) vim.schedule_wrap() Returns a function which calls {fn} via vim.schedule(). The returned function passes all arguments to {fn}. Example: function notify_readable(_err, readable) vim.notify("readable? " .. tostring(readable)) end vim.uv.fs_access(vim.fn.stdpath("config"), "R", vim.schedule_wrap(notify_readable)) Parameters: • {fn} (`function`) Return: (`function`) See also: • lua-loop-callbacks • vim.schedule() • vim.in_fast_event() vim.system({cmd}, {opts}, {on_exit}) vim.system() Runs a system command or throws an error if {cmd} cannot be run. Examples: local on_exit = function(obj) print(obj.code) print(obj.signal) print(obj.stdout) print(obj.stderr) end -- Runs asynchronously: vim.system({'echo', 'hello'}, { text = true }, on_exit) -- Runs synchronously: local obj = vim.system({'echo', 'hello'}, { text = true }):wait() -- { code = 0, signal = 0, stdout = 'hello', stderr = '' } See uv.spawn() for more details. Note: unlike uv.spawn(), vim.system throws an error if {cmd} cannot be run. Parameters: • {cmd} (`string[]`) Command to execute • {opts} (`vim.SystemOpts?`) Options: • cwd: (string) Set the current working directory for the sub-process. • env: table<string,string> Set environment variables for the new process. Inherits the current environment with NVIM set to v:servername. • clear_env: (boolean) env defines the job environment exactly, instead of merging current environment. • stdin: (stringstring[]boolean) If true, then a pipe to stdin is opened and can be written to via the write() method to SystemObj. If string or string[] then will be written to stdin and closed. Defaults to false. • stdout: (boolean|function) Handle output from stdout. When passed as a function must have the signature `fun(err: string, data: string)`. Defaults to true • stderr: (boolean|function) Handle output from stderr. When passed as a function must have the signature `fun(err: string, data: string)`. Defaults to true. • text: (boolean) Handle stdout and stderr as text. Replaces \r\n with \n. • timeout: (integer) Run the command with a time limit. Upon timeout the process is sent the TERM signal (15) and the exit code is set to 124. • detach: (boolean) If true, spawn the child process in a detached state - this will make it a process group leader, and will effectively enable the child to keep running after the parent exits. Note that the child process will still keep the parent's event loop alive unless the parent process calls uv.unref() on the child's process handle. • {on_exit} (`fun(out: vim.SystemCompleted)?`) Called when subprocess exits. When provided, the command runs asynchronously. Receives SystemCompleted object, see return of SystemObj:wait(). Return: (`vim.SystemObj`) Object with the fields: • cmd (string[]) Command name and args • pid (integer) Process ID • wait (fun(timeout: integer|nil): SystemCompleted) Wait for the process to complete. Upon timeout the process is sent the KILL signal (9) and the exit code is set to 124. Cannot be called in api-fast. • SystemCompleted is an object with the fields: • code: (integer) • signal: (integer) • stdout: (string), nil if stdout argument is passed • stderr: (string), nil if stderr argument is passed • kill (fun(signal: integer|string)) • write (fun(data: string|nil)) Requires stdin=true. Pass nil to close the stream. • is_closing (fun(): boolean) ============================================================================== Lua module: vim.inspector vim.inspector vim.inspect_pos({bufnr}, {row}, {col}, {filter}) vim.inspect_pos() Get all the items at a given buffer position. Can also be pretty-printed with :Inspect!. :Inspect! Parameters: • {bufnr} (`integer?`) defaults to the current buffer • {row} (`integer?`) row to inspect, 0-based. Defaults to the row of the current cursor • {col} (`integer?`) col to inspect, 0-based. Defaults to the col of the current cursor • {filter} (`table?`) Table with key-value pairs to filter the items • {syntax} (`boolean`, default: true) Include syntax based highlight groups. • {treesitter} (`boolean`, default: true) Include treesitter based highlight groups. • {extmarks} (`boolean|"all"`, default: true) Include extmarks. When all, then extmarks without a hl_group will also be included. • {semantic_tokens} (`boolean`, default: true) Include semantic token highlights. Return: (`table`) a table with the following key-value pairs. Items are in "traversal order": • treesitter: a list of treesitter captures • syntax: a list of syntax groups • semantic_tokens: a list of semantic tokens • extmarks: a list of extmarks • buffer: the buffer used to get the items • row: the row used to get the items • col: the col used to get the items vim.show_pos({bufnr}, {row}, {col}, {filter}) vim.show_pos() Show all the items at a given buffer position. Can also be shown with :Inspect. :Inspect Parameters: • {bufnr} (`integer?`) defaults to the current buffer • {row} (`integer?`) row to inspect, 0-based. Defaults to the row of the current cursor • {col} (`integer?`) col to inspect, 0-based. Defaults to the col of the current cursor • {filter} (`table?`) A table with the following fields: • {syntax} (`boolean`, default: true) Include syntax based highlight groups. • {treesitter} (`boolean`, default: true) Include treesitter based highlight groups. • {extmarks} (`boolean|"all"`, default: true) Include extmarks. When all, then extmarks without a hl_group will also be included. • {semantic_tokens} (`boolean`, default: true) Include semantic token highlights. vim.Ringbuf Fields: • {clear} (`fun()`) Clear all items • {push} (`fun(item: T)`) Adds an item, overriding the oldest item if the buffer is full. • {pop} (`fun(): T?`) Removes and returns the first unread item • {peek} (`fun(): T?`) Returns the first unread item without removing it Ringbuf:clear() Ringbuf:clear() Clear all items Ringbuf:peek() Ringbuf:peek() Returns the first unread item without removing it Return: (`any?`) Ringbuf:pop() Ringbuf:pop() Removes and returns the first unread item Return: (`any?`) Ringbuf:push({item}) Ringbuf:push() Adds an item, overriding the oldest item if the buffer is full. Parameters: • {item} (`any`) vim.deep_equal({a}, {b}) vim.deep_equal() Deep compare values for equality Tables are compared recursively unless they both provide the eq metamethod. All other types are compared using the equality == operator. Parameters: • {a} (`any`) First value • {b} (`any`) Second value Return: (`boolean`) true if values are equals, else false vim.deepcopy({orig}, {noref}) vim.deepcopy() Returns a deep copy of the given object. Non-table objects are copied as in a typical Lua assignment, whereas table objects are copied recursively. Functions are naively copied, so functions in the copied table point to the same functions as those in the input table. Userdata and threads are not copied and will throw an error. Note: noref=true is much more performant on tables with unique table fields, while noref=false is more performant on tables that reuse table fields. Parameters: • {orig} (`table`) Table to copy • {noref} (`boolean?`) When false (default) a contained table is only copied once and all references point to this single copy. When true every occurrence of a table results in a new copy. This also means that a cyclic reference can cause deepcopy() to fail. Return: (`table`) Table of copied keys and (nested) values. vim.defaulttable({createfn}) vim.defaulttable() Creates a table whose missing keys are provided by {createfn} (like Python's "defaultdict"). If {createfn} is nil it defaults to defaulttable() itself, so accessing nested keys creates nested tables: local a = vim.defaulttable() a.b.c = 1 Parameters: • {createfn} (`fun(key:any):any?`) Provides the value for a missing key. Return: (`table`) Empty table with __index metamethod. vim.endswith({s}, {suffix}) vim.endswith() Tests if s ends with suffix. Parameters: • {s} (`string`) String • {suffix} (`string`) Suffix to match Return: (`boolean`) true if suffix is a suffix of s vim.gsplit({s}, {sep}, {opts}) vim.gsplit() Gets an iterator that splits a string at each instance of a separator, in "lazy" fashion (as opposed to vim.split() which is "eager"). Example: for s in vim.gsplit(':aa::b:', ':', {plain=true}) do print(s) end If you want to also inspect the separator itself (instead of discarding it), use string.gmatch(). Example: for word, num in ('foo111bar222'):gmatch('([^0-9]*)(%d*)') do print(('word: %s num: %s'):format(word, num)) end Parameters: • {s} (`string`) String to split • {sep} (`string`) Separator or pattern • {opts} (`table?`) Keyword arguments kwargs: • {plain}? (`boolean`) Use sep literally (as in string.find). • {trimempty}? (`boolean`) Discard empty segments at start and end of the sequence. Return: (`fun():string?`) Iterator over the split components See also: • string.gmatch() • vim.split() • lua-patterns • https://www.lua.org/pil/20.2.html • http://lua-users.org/wiki/StringLibraryTutorial vim.is_callable({f}) vim.is_callable() Returns true if object f can be called as a function. Parameters: • {f} (`any`) Any object Return: (`boolean`) true if f is callable, else false vim.isarray({t}) vim.isarray() Tests if t is an "array": a table indexed only by integers (potentially non-contiguous). If the indexes start from 1 and are contiguous then the array is also a list. vim.islist() Empty table {} is an array, unless it was created by vim.empty_dict() or returned as a dict-like API or Vimscript result, for example from rpcrequest() or vim.fn. Parameters: • {t} (`table?`) Return: (`boolean`) true if array-like table, else false. See also: • https://github.com/openresty/luajit2#tableisarray vim.islist({t}) vim.islist() Tests if t is a "list": a table indexed only by contiguous integers starting from 1 (what lua-length calls a "regular array"). Empty table {} is a list, unless it was created by vim.empty_dict() or returned as a dict-like API or Vimscript result, for example from rpcrequest() or vim.fn. Parameters: • {t} (`table?`) Return: (`boolean`) true if list-like table, else false. See also: • vim.isarray() vim.list_contains({t}, {value}) vim.list_contains() Checks if a list-like table (integer keys without gaps) contains value. Parameters: • {t} (`table`) Table to check (must be list-like, not validated) • {value} (`any`) Value to compare Return: (`boolean`) true if t contains value See also: • vim.tbl_contains() for checking values in general tables vim.list_extend({dst}, {src}, {start}, {finish}) vim.list_extend() Extends a list-like table with the values of another list-like table. NOTE: This mutates dst! Parameters: • {dst} (`table`) List which will be modified and appended to • {src} (`table`) List from which values will be inserted • {start} (`integer?`) Start index on src. Defaults to 1 • {finish} (`integer?`) Final index on src. Defaults to #src Return: (`table`) dst See also: • vim.tbl_extend() vim.list_slice({list}, {start}, {finish}) vim.list_slice() Creates a copy of a table containing only elements from start to end (inclusive) Parameters: • {list} (`any[]`) Table • {start} (`integer?`) Start range of slice • {finish} (`integer?`) End range of slice Return: (`any[]`) Copy of table sliced from start to finish (inclusive) vim.pesc({s}) vim.pesc() Escapes magic chars in lua-patterns. Parameters: • {s} (`string`) String to escape Return: (`string`) %-escaped pattern string See also: • https://github.com/rxi/lume vim.ringbuf({size}) vim.ringbuf() Create a ring buffer limited to a maximal number of items. Once the buffer is full, adding a new entry overrides the oldest entry. local ringbuf = vim.ringbuf(4) ringbuf:push("a") ringbuf:push("b") ringbuf:push("c") ringbuf:push("d") ringbuf:push("e") -- overrides "a" print(ringbuf:pop()) -- returns "b" print(ringbuf:pop()) -- returns "c" -- Can be used as iterator. Pops remaining items: for val in ringbuf do print(val) end Returns a Ringbuf instance with the following methods: • Ringbuf:push() • Ringbuf:pop() • Ringbuf:peek() • Ringbuf:clear() Parameters: • {size} (`integer`) Return: (`vim.Ringbuf`) ringbuf See vim.Ringbuf. vim.spairs({t}) vim.spairs() Enumerates key-value pairs of a table, ordered by key. Parameters: • {t} (`table`) Dict-like table Return (multiple): (`fun(table: table<K, V>, index?: K):K, V`) for-in iterator over sorted keys and their values (`table`) See also: • Based on https://github.com/premake/premake-core/blob/master/src/base/table.lua vim.split({s}, {sep}, {opts}) vim.split() Splits a string at each instance of a separator and returns the result as a table (unlike vim.gsplit()). Examples: split(":aa::b:", ":") --> {'','aa','','b',''} split("axaby", "ab?") --> {'','x','y'} split("x*yz*o", "*", {plain=true}) --> {'x','yz','o'} split("|x|y|z|", "|", {trimempty=true}) --> {'x', 'y', 'z'} Parameters: • {s} (`string`) String to split • {sep} (`string`) Separator or pattern • {opts} (`table?`) Keyword arguments kwargs: • {plain}? (`boolean`) Use sep literally (as in string.find). • {trimempty}? (`boolean`) Discard empty segments at start and end of the sequence. Return: (`string[]`) List of split components See also: • vim.gsplit() • string.gmatch() vim.startswith({s}, {prefix}) vim.startswith() Tests if s starts with prefix. Parameters: • {s} (`string`) String • {prefix} (`string`) Prefix to match Return: (`boolean`) true if prefix is a prefix of s vim.tbl_contains({t}, {value}, {opts}) vim.tbl_contains() Checks if a table contains a given value, specified either directly or via a predicate that is checked for each value. Example: vim.tbl_contains({ 'a', { 'b', 'c' } }, function(v) return vim.deep_equal(v, { 'b', 'c' }) end, { predicate = true }) -- true Parameters: • {t} (`table`) Table to check • {value} (`any`) Value to compare or predicate function reference • {opts} (`table?`) Keyword arguments kwargs: • {predicate}? (`boolean`) value is a function reference to be checked (default false) Return: (`boolean`) true if t contains value See also: • vim.list_contains() for checking values in list-like tables vim.tbl_count({t}) vim.tbl_count() Counts the number of non-nil values in table t. vim.tbl_count({ a=1, b=2 }) --> 2 vim.tbl_count({ 1, 2 }) --> 2 Parameters: • {t} (`table`) Table Return: (`integer`) Number of non-nil values in table See also: • https://github.com/Tieske/Penlight/blob/master/lua/pl/tablex.lua vim.tbl_deep_extend({behavior}, {...}) vim.tbl_deep_extend() Merges recursively two or more tables. Parameters: • {behavior} (`'error''keep''force'`) Decides what to do if a key is found in more than one map: • "error": raise an error • "keep": use value from the leftmost map • "force": use value from the rightmost map • {...} (`table`) Two or more tables Return: (`table`) Merged table See also: • vim.tbl_extend() vim.tbl_extend({behavior}, {...}) vim.tbl_extend() Merges two or more tables. Parameters: • {behavior} (`'error''keep''force'`) Decides what to do if a key is found in more than one map: • "error": raise an error • "keep": use value from the leftmost map • "force": use value from the rightmost map • {...} (`table`) Two or more tables Return: (`table`) Merged table See also: • extend() vim.tbl_filter({func}, {t}) vim.tbl_filter() Filter a table using a predicate function Parameters: • {func} (`function`) Function • {t} (`table`) Table Return: (`any[]`) Table of filtered values vim.tbl_get({o}, {...}) vim.tbl_get() Index into a table (first argument) via string keys passed as subsequent arguments. Return nil if the key does not exist. Examples: vim.tbl_get({ key = { nested_key = true }}, 'key', 'nested_key') == true vim.tbl_get({ key = {}}, 'key', 'nested_key') == nil Parameters: • {o} (`table`) Table to index • {...} (`any`) Optional keys (0 or more, variadic) via which to index the table Return: (`any`) Nested value indexed by key (if it exists), else nil vim.tbl_isempty({t}) vim.tbl_isempty() Checks if a table is empty. Parameters: • {t} (`table`) Table to check Return: (`boolean`) true if t is empty See also: • https://github.com/premake/premake-core/blob/master/src/base/table.lua vim.tbl_keys({t}) vim.tbl_keys() Return a list of all keys used in a table. However, the order of the return table of keys is not guaranteed. Parameters: • {t} (`table`) Table Return: (`any[]`) List of keys See also: • From https://github.com/premake/premake-core/blob/master/src/base/table.lua vim.tbl_map({func}, {t}) vim.tbl_map() Apply a function to all values of a table. Parameters: • {func} (`fun(value: T): any`) Function • {t} (`table<any, T>`) Table Return: (`table`) Table of transformed values vim.tbl_values({t}) vim.tbl_values() Return a list of all values used in a table. However, the order of the return table of values is not guaranteed. Parameters: • {t} (`table`) Table Return: (`any[]`) List of values vim.trim({s}) vim.trim() Trim whitespace (Lua pattern "%s") from both sides of a string. Parameters: • {s} (`string`) String to trim Return: (`string`) String with whitespace removed from its beginning and end See also: • lua-patterns • https://www.lua.org/pil/20.2.html vim.validate({opt}) vim.validate() Validates a parameter specification (types and values). Specs are evaluated in alphanumeric order, until the first failure. Usage example: function user.new(name, age, hobbies) vim.validate{ name={name, 'string'}, age={age, 'number'}, hobbies={hobbies, 'table'}, } ... end Examples with explicit argument values (can be run directly): vim.validate{arg1={{'foo'}, 'table'}, arg2={'foo', 'string'}} --> NOP (success) vim.validate{arg1={1, 'table'}} --> error('arg1: expected table, got number') vim.validate{arg1={3, function(a) return (a % 2) == 0 end, 'even number'}} --> error('arg1: expected even number, got 3') If multiple types are valid they can be given as a list. vim.validate{arg1={{'foo'}, {'table', 'string'}}, arg2={'foo', {'table', 'string'}}} -- NOP (success) vim.validate{arg1={1, {'string', 'table'}}} -- error('arg1: expected string|table, got number') Parameters: • {opt} (`table`) Names of parameters to validate. Each key is a parameter name; each value is a tuple in one of these forms: 1. (arg_value, type_name, optional) • arg_value: argument value • type_name: string|table type name, one of: ("table", "t", "string", "s", "number", "n", "boolean", "b", "function", "f", "nil", "thread", "userdata") or list of them. • optional: (optional) boolean, if true, nil is valid 2. (arg_value, fn, msg) • arg_value: argument value • fn: any function accepting one argument, returns true if and only if the argument is valid. Can optionally return an additional informative error message as the second returned value. • msg: (optional) error string if validation fails ============================================================================== Lua module: vim.loader vim.loader vim.loader.disable() vim.loader.disable() Disables the experimental Lua module loader: • removes the loaders • adds the default Nvim loader vim.loader.enable() vim.loader.enable() Enables the experimental Lua module loader: • overrides loadfile • adds the Lua loader using the byte-compilation cache • adds the libs loader • removes the default Nvim loader vim.loader.find({modname}, {opts}) vim.loader.find() Finds Lua modules for the given module name. Parameters: • {modname} (`string`) Module name, or "*" to find the top-level modules instead • {opts} (`table?`) Options for finding a module: • {rtp}? (`boolean`, default: true) Search for modname in the runtime path. • {paths}? (`string[]`, default: {}) Extra paths to search for modname • {patterns}? (`string[]`, default: `{"/init.lua", ".lua"}`) List of patterns to use when searching for modules. A pattern is a string added to the basename of the Lua module being searched. • {all}? (`boolean`, default: false) Search for all matches. Return: (`table[]`) A list of objects with the following fields: • {modpath} (`string`) Path of the module • {modname} (`string`) Name of the module • {stat}? (`uv.uv_fs_t`) The fs_stat of the module path. Won't be returned for modname="*" vim.loader.reset({path}) vim.loader.reset() Resets the cache for the path, or all the paths if path is nil. Parameters: • {path} (`string?`) path to reset ============================================================================== Lua module: vim.uri vim.uri vim.uri_decode({str}) vim.uri_decode() URI-decodes a string containing percent escapes. Parameters: • {str} (`string`) string to decode Return: (`string`) decoded string vim.uri_encode({str}, {rfc}) vim.uri_encode() URI-encodes a string using percent escapes. Parameters: • {str} (`string`) string to encode • {rfc} (`"rfc2396"|"rfc2732"|"rfc3986"?`) Return: (`string`) encoded string vim.uri_from_bufnr({bufnr}) vim.uri_from_bufnr() Gets a URI from a bufnr. Parameters: • {bufnr} (`integer`) Return: (`string`) URI vim.uri_from_fname({path}) vim.uri_from_fname() Gets a URI from a file path. Parameters: • {path} (`string`) Path to file Return: (`string`) URI vim.uri_to_bufnr({uri}) vim.uri_to_bufnr() Gets the buffer for a uri. Creates a new unloaded buffer if no buffer for the uri already exists. Parameters: • {uri} (`string`) Return: (`integer`) bufnr vim.uri_to_fname({uri}) vim.uri_to_fname() Gets a filename from a URI. Parameters: • {uri} (`string`) Return: (`string`) filename or unchanged URI for non-file URIs ============================================================================== Lua module: vim.ui vim.ui vim.ui.input({opts}, {on_confirm}) vim.ui.input() Prompts the user for input, allowing arbitrary (potentially asynchronous) work until on_confirm. Example: vim.ui.input({ prompt = 'Enter value for shiftwidth: ' }, function(input) vim.o.shiftwidth = tonumber(input) end) Parameters: • {opts} (`table?`) Additional options. See input() • prompt (string|nil) Text of the prompt • default (string|nil) Default reply to the input • completion (string|nil) Specifies type of completion supported for input. Supported types are the same that can be supplied to a user-defined command using the "-complete=" argument. See :command-completion • highlight (function) Function that will be used for highlighting user inputs. • {on_confirm} (`function`) ((input|nil) -> ()) Called once the user confirms or abort the input. input is what the user typed (it might be an empty string if nothing was entered), or nil if the user aborted the dialog. vim.ui.open({path}) vim.ui.open() Opens path with the system default handler (macOS open, Windows explorer.exe, Linux xdg-open, …), or returns (but does not show) an error message on failure. Expands "~/" and environment variables in filesystem paths. Examples: -- Asynchronous. vim.ui.open("https://neovim.io/") vim.ui.open("~/path/to/file") -- Synchronous (wait until the process exits). local cmd, err = vim.ui.open("$VIMRUNTIME") if cmd then cmd:wait() end Parameters: • {path} (`string`) Path or URL to open Return (multiple): (`vim.SystemObj?`) Command object, or nil if not found. (`string?`) Error message on failure, or nil on success. See also: • vim.system() vim.ui.select({items}, {opts}, {on_choice}) vim.ui.select() Prompts the user to pick from a list of items, allowing arbitrary (potentially asynchronous) work until on_choice. Example: vim.ui.select({ 'tabs', 'spaces' }, { prompt = 'Select tabs or spaces:', format_item = function(item) return "I'd like to choose " .. item end, }, function(choice) if choice == 'spaces' then vim.o.expandtab = true else vim.o.expandtab = false end end) Parameters: • {items} (`any[]`) Arbitrary items • {opts} (`table`) Additional options • prompt (string|nil) Text of the prompt. Defaults to `Select one of:` • format_item (function item -> text) Function to format an individual item from items. Defaults to tostring. • kind (string|nil) Arbitrary hint string indicating the item shape. Plugins reimplementing vim.ui.select may wish to use this to infer the structure or semantics of items, or the context in which select() was called. • {on_choice} (`fun(item: any?, idx: integer?)`) Called once the user made a choice. idx is the 1-based index of item within items. nil if the user aborted the dialog. ============================================================================== Lua module: vim.filetype vim.filetype vim.filetype.add({filetypes}) vim.filetype.add() Add new filetype mappings. Filetype mappings can be added either by extension or by filename (either the "tail" or the full file path). The full file path is checked first, followed by the file name. If a match is not found using the filename, then the filename is matched against the list of lua-patterns (sorted by priority) until a match is found. Lastly, if pattern matching does not find a filetype, then the file extension is used. The filetype can be either a string (in which case it is used as the filetype directly) or a function. If a function, it takes the full path and buffer number of the file as arguments (along with captures from the matched pattern, if any) and should return a string that will be used as the buffer's filetype. Optionally, the function can return a second function value which, when called, modifies the state of the buffer. This can be used to, for example, set filetype-specific buffer variables. This function will be called by Nvim before setting the buffer's filetype. Filename patterns can specify an optional priority to resolve cases when a file path matches multiple patterns. Higher priorities are matched first. When omitted, the priority defaults to 0. A pattern can contain environment variables of the form "${SOME_VAR}" that will be automatically expanded. If the environment variable is not set, the pattern won't be matched. See $VIMRUNTIME/lua/vim/filetype.lua for more examples. Example: vim.filetype.add({ extension = { foo = 'fooscript', bar = function(path, bufnr) if some_condition() then return 'barscript', function(bufnr) -- Set a buffer variable vim.b[bufnr].barscript_version = 2 end end return 'bar' end, }, filename = { ['.foorc'] = 'toml', ['/etc/foo/config'] = 'toml', }, pattern = { ['.*/etc/foo/.*'] = 'fooscript', -- Using an optional priority ['.*/etc/foo/.*%.conf'] = { 'dosini', { priority = 10 } }, -- A pattern containing an environment variable ['${XDG_CONFIG_HOME}/foo/git'] = 'git', ['README.(%a+)$'] = function(path, bufnr, ext) if ext == 'md' then return 'markdown' elseif ext == 'rst' then return 'rst' end end, }, }) To add a fallback match on contents, use vim.filetype.add { pattern = { ['.*'] = { function(path, bufnr) local content = vim.api.nvim_buf_get_lines(bufnr, 0, 1, false)[1] or '' if vim.regex([[^#!.*\\<mine\\>]]):match_str(content) ~= nil then return 'mine' elseif vim.regex([[\\<drawing\\>]]):match_str(content) ~= nil then return 'drawing' end end, { priority = -math.huge }, }, }, } Parameters: • {filetypes} (`table`) A table containing new filetype maps (see example). • {pattern}? (`vim.filetype.mapping`) • {extension}? (`vim.filetype.mapping`) • {filename}? (`vim.filetype.mapping`) vim.filetype.get_option() vim.filetype.get_option({filetype}, {option}) Get the default option value for a {filetype}. The returned value is what would be set in a new buffer after 'filetype' is set, meaning it should respect all FileType autocmds and ftplugin files. Example: vim.filetype.get_option('vim', 'commentstring') Note: this uses nvim_get_option_value() but caches the result. This means ftplugin and FileType autocommands are only triggered once and may not reflect later changes. Parameters: • {filetype} (`string`) Filetype • {option} (`string`) Option name Return: (`stringbooleaninteger`) Option value vim.filetype.match({args}) vim.filetype.match() Perform filetype detection. The filetype can be detected using one of three methods: 1. Using an existing buffer 2. Using only a file name 3. Using only file contents Of these, option 1 provides the most accurate result as it uses both the buffer's filename and (optionally) the buffer contents. Options 2 and 3 can be used without an existing buffer, but may not always provide a match in cases where the filename (or contents) cannot unambiguously determine the filetype. Each of the three options is specified using a key to the single argument of this function. Example: -- Using a buffer number vim.filetype.match({ buf = 42 }) -- Override the filename of the given buffer vim.filetype.match({ buf = 42, filename = 'foo.c' }) -- Using a filename without a buffer vim.filetype.match({ filename = 'main.lua' }) -- Using file contents vim.filetype.match({ contents = {'#!/usr/bin/env bash'} }) Parameters: • {args} (`table`) Table specifying which matching strategy to use. Accepted keys are: • {buf}? (`integer`) Buffer number to use for matching. Mutually exclusive with {contents} • {filename}? (`string`) Filename to use for matching. When {buf} is given, defaults to the filename of the given buffer number. The file need not actually exist in the filesystem. When used without {buf} only the name of the file is used for filetype matching. This may result in failure to detect the filetype in cases where the filename alone is not enough to disambiguate the filetype. • {contents}? (`string[]`) An array of lines representing file contents to use for matching. Can be used with {filename}. Mutually exclusive with {buf}. Return (multiple): (`string?`) If a match was found, the matched filetype. (`function?`) A function that modifies buffer state when called (for example, to set some filetype specific buffer variables). The function accepts a buffer number as its only argument. ============================================================================== Lua module: vim.keymap vim.keymap vim.keymap.del({modes}, {lhs}, {opts}) vim.keymap.del() Remove an existing mapping. Examples: vim.keymap.del('n', 'lhs') vim.keymap.del({'n', 'i', 'v'}, '<leader>w', { buffer = 5 }) Parameters: • {modes} (`string|string[]`) • {lhs} (`string`) • {opts} (`table?`) A table with the following fields: • {buffer}? (`integer|boolean`) Remove a mapping from the given buffer. When 0 or true, use the current buffer. See also: • vim.keymap.set() vim.keymap.set({mode}, {lhs}, {rhs}, {opts}) vim.keymap.set() Adds a new mapping. Examples: -- Map to a Lua function: vim.keymap.set('n', 'lhs', function() print("real lua function") end) -- Map to multiple modes: vim.keymap.set({'n', 'v'}, '<leader>lr', vim.lsp.buf.references, { buffer = true }) -- Buffer-local mapping: vim.keymap.set('n', '<leader>w', "<cmd>w<cr>", { silent = true, buffer = 5 }) -- Expr mapping: vim.keymap.set('i', '<Tab>', function() return vim.fn.pumvisible() == 1 and "<C-n>" or "<Tab>" end, { expr = true }) -- <Plug> mapping: vim.keymap.set('n', '[%%', '<Plug>(MatchitNormalMultiBackward)') Parameters: • {mode} (`string|string[]`) Mode short-name, see nvim_set_keymap(). Can also be list of modes to create mapping on multiple modes. • {lhs} (`string`) Left-hand side {lhs} of the mapping. • {rhs} (`string|function`) Right-hand side {rhs} of the mapping, can be a Lua function. • {opts} (`table?`) Table of :map-arguments. Same as nvim_set_keymap() {opts}, except: • {replace_keycodes} defaults to true if "expr" is true. Also accepts: • {buffer}? (`integer|boolean`) Creates buffer-local mapping, 0 or true for current buffer. • {remap}? (`boolean`, default: false) Make the mapping recursive. Inverse of {noremap}. See also: • nvim_set_keymap() • maparg() • mapcheck() • mapset() ============================================================================== Lua module: vim.fs vim.fs vim.fs.basename({file}) vim.fs.basename() Return the basename of the given path Parameters: • {file} (`string?`) Path Return: (`string?`) Basename of {file} vim.fs.dir({path}, {opts}) vim.fs.dir() Return an iterator over the items located in {path} Parameters: • {path} (`string`) An absolute or relative path to the directory to iterate over. The path is first normalized vim.fs.normalize(). • {opts} (`table?`) Optional keyword arguments: • depth: integer|nil How deep the traverse (default 1) • skip: (fun(dir_name: string): boolean)|nil Predicate to control traversal. Return false to stop searching the current directory. Only useful when depth > 1 Return: (`Iterator`) over items in {path}. Each iteration yields two values: "name" and "type". "name" is the basename of the item relative to {path}. "type" is one of the following: "file", "directory", "link", "fifo", "socket", "char", "block", "unknown". vim.fs.dirname({file}) vim.fs.dirname() Return the parent directory of the given path Parameters: • {file} (`string?`) Path Return: (`string?`) Parent directory of {file} vim.fs.find({names}, {opts}) vim.fs.find() Find files or directories (or other items as specified by opts.type) in the given path. Finds items given in {names} starting from {path}. If {upward} is "true" then the search traverses upward through parent directories; otherwise, the search traverses downward. Note that downward searches are recursive and may search through many directories! If {stop} is non-nil, then the search stops when the directory given in {stop} is reached. The search terminates when {limit} (default 1) matches are found. You can set {type} to "file", "directory", "link", "socket", "char", "block", or "fifo" to narrow the search to find only that type. Examples: -- list all test directories under the runtime directory local test_dirs = vim.fs.find( {'test', 'tst', 'testdir'}, {limit = math.huge, type = 'directory', path = './runtime/'} ) -- get all files ending with .cpp or .hpp inside lib/ local cpp_hpp = vim.fs.find(function(name, path) return name:match('.*%.[ch]pp$') and path:match('[/\\\\]lib$') end, {limit = math.huge, type = 'file'}) Parameters: • {names} (`stringstring[]fun(name: string, path: string): boolean`) Names of the items to find. Must be base names, paths and globs are not supported when {names} is a string or a table. If {names} is a function, it is called for each traversed item with args: • name: base name of the current item • path: full path of the current item The function should return true if the given item is considered a match. • {opts} (`table`) Optional keyword arguments: • {path}? (`string`) Path to begin searching from. If omitted, the current-directory is used. • {upward}? (`boolean`, default: false) Search upward through parent directories. Otherwise, search through child directories (recursively). • {stop}? (`string`) Stop searching when this directory is reached. The directory itself is not searched. • {type}? (`string`) Find only items of the given type. If omitted, all items that match {names} are included. • {limit}? (`number`, default: 1) Stop the search after finding this many matches. Use math.huge to place no limit on the number of matches. Return: (`string[]`) Normalized paths vim.fs.normalize() of all matching items vim.fs.joinpath({...}) vim.fs.joinpath() Concatenate directories and/or file paths into a single path with normalization (e.g., "foo/" and "bar" get joined to "foo/bar") Parameters: • {...} (`string`) Return: (`string`) vim.fs.normalize({path}, {opts}) vim.fs.normalize() Normalize a path to a standard format. A tilde (~) character at the beginning of the path is expanded to the user's home directory and environment variables are also expanded. "." and ".." components are also resolved, except when the path is relative and trying to resolve it would result in an absolute path. • "." as the only part in a relative path: • "." => "." • "././" => "." • ".." when it leads outside the current directory • "foo/../../bar" => "../bar" • "../../foo" => "../../foo" • ".." in the root directory returns the root directory. • "/../../" => "/" On Windows, backslash (\) characters are converted to forward slashes (/). Examples: [[C:\Users\jdoe]] => "C:/Users/jdoe" "~/src/neovim" => "/home/jdoe/src/neovim" "$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/nvim/init.vim" => "/Users/jdoe/.config/nvim/init.vim" "~/src/nvim/api/../tui/./tui.c" => "/home/jdoe/src/nvim/tui/tui.c" "./foo/bar" => "foo/bar" "foo/../../../bar" => "../../bar" "/home/jdoe/../../../bar" => "/bar" "C:foo/../../baz" => "C:../baz" "C:/foo/../../baz" => "C:/baz" [[\\?\UNC\server\share\foo\..\..\..\bar]] => "//?/UNC/server/share/bar" Parameters: • {path} (`string`) Path to normalize • {opts} (`table?`) A table with the following fields: • {expand_env}? (`boolean`, default: true) Expand environment variables. • {win}? (`boolean`, default: true in Windows, false otherwise) Path is a Windows path. Return: (`string`) Normalized path vim.fs.parents({start}) vim.fs.parents() Iterate over all the parents of the given path. Example: local root_dir for dir in vim.fs.parents(vim.api.nvim_buf_get_name(0)) do if vim.fn.isdirectory(dir .. "/.git") == 1 then root_dir = dir break end end if root_dir then print("Found git repository at", root_dir) end Parameters: • {start} (`string`) Initial path. Return (multiple): (`fun(_, dir: string): string?`) Iterator (`nil`) (`string?`) vim.fs.root({source}, {marker}) vim.fs.root() Find the first parent directory containing a specific "marker", relative to a file path or buffer. If the buffer is unnamed (has no backing file) or has a non-empty 'buftype' then the search begins from Nvim's current-directory. Example: -- Find the root of a Python project, starting from file 'main.py' vim.fs.root(vim.fs.joinpath(vim.env.PWD, 'main.py'), {'pyproject.toml', 'setup.py' }) -- Find the root of a git repository vim.fs.root(0, '.git') -- Find the parent directory containing any file with a .csproj extension vim.fs.root(0, function(name, path) return name:match('%.csproj$') ~= nil end) Parameters: • {source} (`integer|string`) Buffer number (0 for current buffer) or file path (absolute or relative to the current-directory) to begin the search from. • {marker} (`stringstring[]fun(name: string, path: string): boolean`) A marker, or list of markers, to search for. If a function, the function is called for each evaluated item and should return true if {name} and {path} are a match. Return: (`string?`) Directory path containing one of the given markers, or nil if no directory was found. ============================================================================== Lua module: vim.glob vim.glob vim.glob.to_lpeg({pattern}) vim.glob.to_lpeg() Parses a raw glob into an lua-lpeg pattern. This uses glob semantics from LSP 3.17.0: https://microsoft.github.io/language-server-protocol/specifications/lsp/3.17/specification/#pattern Glob patterns can have the following syntax: • * to match one or more characters in a path segment • ? to match on one character in a path segment • ** to match any number of path segments, including none • {} to group conditions (e.g. *.{ts,js} matches TypeScript and JavaScript files) • [] to declare a range of characters to match in a path segment (e.g., example.[0-9] to match on example.0, example.1, …) • [!...] to negate a range of characters to match in a path segment (e.g., example.[!0-9] to match on example.a, example.b, but not example.0) Parameters: • {pattern} (`string`) The raw glob pattern Return: (`vim.lpeg.Pattern`) pattern An lua-lpeg representation of the pattern ============================================================================== VIM.LPEG vim.lpeg LPeg is a pattern-matching library for Lua, based on Parsing Expression Grammars (PEGs). https://bford.info/packrat/ lua-lpeg vim.lpeg.Pattern The LPeg library for parsing expression grammars is included as vim.lpeg (https://www.inf.puc-rio.br/~roberto/lpeg/). In addition, its regex-like interface is available as vim.re (https://www.inf.puc-rio.br/~roberto/lpeg/re.html). Pattern:match({subject}, {init}, {...}) Pattern:match() Matches the given pattern against the subject string. If the match succeeds, returns the index in the subject of the first character after the match, or the captured values (if the pattern captured any value). An optional numeric argument init makes the match start at that position in the subject string. As usual in Lua libraries, a negative value counts from the end. Unlike typical pattern-matching functions, match works only in anchored mode; that is, it tries to match the pattern with a prefix of the given subject string (at position init), not with an arbitrary substring of the subject. So, if we want to find a pattern anywhere in a string, we must either write a loop in Lua or write a pattern that matches anywhere. Example: local pattern = lpeg.R('az') ^ 1 * -1 assert(pattern:match('hello') == 6) assert(lpeg.match(pattern, 'hello') == 6) assert(pattern:match('1 hello') == nil) Parameters: • {subject} (`string`) • {init} (`integer?`) • {...} (`any`) Return: (`any`) ... vim.lpeg.B({pattern}) vim.lpeg.B() Returns a pattern that matches only if the input string at the current position is preceded by patt. Pattern patt must match only strings with some fixed length, and it cannot contain captures. Like the and predicate, this pattern never consumes any input, independently of success or failure. Parameters: • {pattern} (`vim.lpeg.Patternstringintegerbooleantable`) Return: (`vim.lpeg.Pattern`) vim.lpeg.C({patt}) vim.lpeg.C() Creates a simple capture, which captures the substring of the subject that matches patt. The captured value is a string. If patt has other captures, their values are returned after this one. Example: local function split (s, sep) sep = lpeg.P(sep) local elem = lpeg.C((1 - sep) ^ 0) local p = elem * (sep * elem) ^ 0 return lpeg.match(p, s) end local a, b, c = split('a,b,c', ',') assert(a == 'a') assert(b == 'b') assert(c == 'c') Parameters: • {patt} (`vim.lpeg.Patternstringintegerbooleantable|function`) Return: (`vim.lpeg.Capture`) vim.lpeg.Carg({n}) vim.lpeg.Carg() Creates an argument capture. This pattern matches the empty string and produces the value given as the nth extra argument given in the call to lpeg.match. Parameters: • {n} (`integer`) Return: (`vim.lpeg.Capture`) vim.lpeg.Cb({name}) vim.lpeg.Cb() Creates a back capture. This pattern matches the empty string and produces the values produced by the most recent group capture named name (where name can be any Lua value). Most recent means the last complete outermost group capture with the given name. A Complete capture means that the entire pattern corresponding to the capture has matched. An Outermost capture means that the capture is not inside another complete capture. In the same way that LPeg does not specify when it evaluates captures, it does not specify whether it reuses values previously produced by the group or re-evaluates them. Parameters: • {name} (`any`) Return: (`vim.lpeg.Capture`) vim.lpeg.Cc({...}) vim.lpeg.Cc() Creates a constant capture. This pattern matches the empty string and produces all given values as its captured values. Parameters: • {...} (`any`) Return: (`vim.lpeg.Capture`) vim.lpeg.Cf({patt}, {func}) vim.lpeg.Cf() Creates a fold capture. If patt produces a list of captures C1 C2 ... Cn, this capture will produce the value `func(...func(func(C1, C2), C3)...,Cn)`, that is, it will fold (or accumulate, or reduce) the captures from patt using function func. This capture assumes that patt should produce at least one capture with at least one value (of any type), which becomes the initial value of an accumulator. (If you need a specific initial value, you may prefix a constant capture to patt.) For each subsequent capture, LPeg calls func with this accumulator as the first argument and all values produced by the capture as extra arguments; the first result from this call becomes the new value for the accumulator. The final value of the accumulator becomes the captured value. Example: local number = lpeg.R('09') ^ 1 / tonumber local list = number * (',' * number) ^ 0 local function add(acc, newvalue) return acc + newvalue end local sum = lpeg.Cf(list, add) assert(sum:match('10,30,43') == 83) Parameters: • {patt} (`vim.lpeg.Patternstringintegerbooleantable|function`) • {func} (`fun(acc, newvalue)`) Return: (`vim.lpeg.Capture`) vim.lpeg.Cg({patt}, {name}) vim.lpeg.Cg() Creates a group capture. It groups all values returned by patt into a single capture. The group may be anonymous (if no name is given) or named with the given name (which can be any non-nil Lua value). Parameters: • {patt} (`vim.lpeg.Patternstringintegerbooleantable|function`) • {name} (`string?`) Return: (`vim.lpeg.Capture`) vim.lpeg.Cmt({patt}, {fn}) vim.lpeg.Cmt() Creates a match-time capture. Unlike all other captures, this one is evaluated immediately when a match occurs (even if it is part of a larger pattern that fails later). It forces the immediate evaluation of all its nested captures and then calls function. The given function gets as arguments the entire subject, the current position (after the match of patt), plus any capture values produced by patt. The first value returned by function defines how the match happens. If the call returns a number, the match succeeds and the returned number becomes the new current position. (Assuming a subject sand current position i, the returned number must be in the range `[i, len(s) + 1]`.) If the call returns true, the match succeeds without consuming any input (so, to return true is equivalent to return i). If the call returns false, nil, or no value, the match fails. Any extra values returned by the function become the values produced by the capture. Parameters: • {patt} (`vim.lpeg.Patternstringintegerbooleantable|function`) • {fn} (`fun(s: string, i: integer, ...: any)`) (position: boolean|integer, ...: any) Return: (`vim.lpeg.Capture`) vim.lpeg.Cp() vim.lpeg.Cp() Creates a position capture. It matches the empty string and captures the position in the subject where the match occurs. The captured value is a number. Example: local I = lpeg.Cp() local function anywhere(p) return lpeg.P({I * p * I + 1 * lpeg.V(1)}) end local match_start, match_end = anywhere('world'):match('hello world!') assert(match_start == 7) assert(match_end == 12) Return: (`vim.lpeg.Capture`) vim.lpeg.Cs({patt}) vim.lpeg.Cs() Creates a substitution capture. This function creates a substitution capture, which captures the substring of the subject that matches patt, with substitutions. For any capture inside patt with a value, the substring that matched the capture is replaced by the capture value (which should be a string). The final captured value is the string resulting from all replacements. Example: local function gsub (s, patt, repl) patt = lpeg.P(patt) patt = lpeg.Cs((patt / repl + 1) ^ 0) return lpeg.match(patt, s) end assert(gsub('Hello, xxx!', 'xxx', 'World') == 'Hello, World!') Parameters: • {patt} (`vim.lpeg.Patternstringintegerbooleantable|function`) Return: (`vim.lpeg.Capture`) vim.lpeg.Ct({patt}) vim.lpeg.Ct() Creates a table capture. This capture returns a table with all values from all anonymous captures made by patt inside this table in successive integer keys, starting at 1. Moreover, for each named capture group created by patt, the first value of the group is put into the table with the group name as its key. The captured value is only the table. Parameters: • {patt} (`vim.lpeg.Patternstringintegerbooleantable|function`) Return: (`vim.lpeg.Capture`) vim.lpeg.locale({tab}) vim.lpeg.locale() Returns a table with patterns for matching some character classes according to the current locale. The table has fields named alnum, alpha, cntrl, digit, graph, lower, print, punct, space, upper, and xdigit, each one containing a correspondent pattern. Each pattern matches any single character that belongs to its class. If called with an argument table, then it creates those fields inside the given table and returns that table. Example: lpeg.locale(lpeg) local space = lpeg.space ^ 0 local name = lpeg.C(lpeg.alpha ^ 1) * space local sep = lpeg.S(',;') * space local pair = lpeg.Cg(name * '=' * space * name) * sep ^ -1 local list = lpeg.Cf(lpeg.Ct('') * pair ^ 0, rawset) local t = list:match('a=b, c = hi; next = pi') assert(t.a == 'b') assert(t.c == 'hi') assert(t.next == 'pi') local locale = lpeg.locale() assert(type(locale.digit) == 'userdata') Parameters: • {tab} (`table?`) Return: (`vim.lpeg.Locale`) vim.lpeg.match({pattern}, {subject}, {init}, {...}) vim.lpeg.match() Matches the given pattern against the subject string. If the match succeeds, returns the index in the subject of the first character after the match, or the captured values (if the pattern captured any value). An optional numeric argument init makes the match start at that position in the subject string. As usual in Lua libraries, a negative value counts from the end. Unlike typical pattern-matching functions, match works only in anchored mode; that is, it tries to match the pattern with a prefix of the given subject string (at position init), not with an arbitrary substring of the subject. So, if we want to find a pattern anywhere in a string, we must either write a loop in Lua or write a pattern that matches anywhere. Example: local pattern = lpeg.R('az') ^ 1 * -1 assert(pattern:match('hello') == 6) assert(lpeg.match(pattern, 'hello') == 6) assert(pattern:match('1 hello') == nil) Parameters: • {pattern} (`vim.lpeg.Patternstringintegerbooleantable|function`) • {subject} (`string`) • {init} (`integer?`) • {...} (`any`) Return: (`any`) ... vim.lpeg.P({value}) vim.lpeg.P() Converts the given value into a proper pattern. The following rules are applied: • If the argument is a pattern, it is returned unmodified. • If the argument is a string, it is translated to a pattern that matches the string literally. • If the argument is a non-negative number n, the result is a pattern that matches exactly n characters. • If the argument is a negative number -n, the result is a pattern that succeeds only if the input string has less than n characters left: lpeg.P(-n) is equivalent to -lpeg.P(n) (see the unary minus operation). • If the argument is a boolean, the result is a pattern that always succeeds or always fails (according to the boolean value), without consuming any input. • If the argument is a table, it is interpreted as a grammar (see Grammars). • If the argument is a function, returns a pattern equivalent to a match-time capture over the empty string. Parameters: • {value} (`vim.lpeg.Patternstringintegerbooleantable|function`) Return: (`vim.lpeg.Pattern`) vim.lpeg.R({...}) vim.lpeg.R() Returns a pattern that matches any single character belonging to one of the given ranges. Each range is a string xy of length 2, representing all characters with code between the codes of x and y (both inclusive). As an example, the pattern lpeg.R('09') matches any digit, and `lpeg.R('az', 'AZ')` matches any ASCII letter. Example: local pattern = lpeg.R('az') ^ 1 * -1 assert(pattern:match('hello') == 6) Parameters: • {...} (`string`) Return: (`vim.lpeg.Pattern`) vim.lpeg.S({string}) vim.lpeg.S() Returns a pattern that matches any single character that appears in the given string (the S stands for Set). As an example, the pattern lpeg.S('+-*/') matches any arithmetic operator. Note that, if s is a character (that is, a string of length 1), then lpeg.P(s) is equivalent to lpeg.S(s) which is equivalent to lpeg.R(s..s). Note also that both lpeg.S('') and lpeg.R() are patterns that always fail. Parameters: • {string} (`string`) Return: (`vim.lpeg.Pattern`) vim.lpeg.setmaxstack({max}) vim.lpeg.setmaxstack() Sets a limit for the size of the backtrack stack used by LPeg to track calls and choices. The default limit is 400. Most well-written patterns need little backtrack levels and therefore you seldom need to change this limit; before changing it you should try to rewrite your pattern to avoid the need for extra space. Nevertheless, a few useful patterns may overflow. Also, with recursive grammars, subjects with deep recursion may also need larger limits. Parameters: • {max} (`integer`) vim.lpeg.type({value}) vim.lpeg.type() Returns the string "pattern" if the given value is a pattern, otherwise nil. Parameters: • {value} (`vim.lpeg.Patternstringintegerbooleantable|function`) Return: (`"pattern"?`) vim.lpeg.V({v}) vim.lpeg.V() Creates a non-terminal (a variable) for a grammar. This operation creates a non-terminal (a variable) for a grammar. The created non-terminal refers to the rule indexed by v in the enclosing grammar. Example: local b = lpeg.P({'(' * ((1 - lpeg.S '()') + lpeg.V(1)) ^ 0 * ')'}) assert(b:match('((string))') == 11) assert(b:match('(') == nil) Parameters: • {v} (`booleanstringnumberfunctiontablethreaduserdata|lightuserdata`) Return: (`vim.lpeg.Pattern`) vim.lpeg.version() vim.lpeg.version() Returns a string with the running version of LPeg. Return: (`string`) ============================================================================== VIM.RE vim.re The vim.re module provides a conventional regex-like syntax for pattern usage within LPeg vim.lpeg. (Unrelated to vim.regex which provides Vim regexp from Lua.) See https://www.inf.puc-rio.br/~roberto/lpeg/re.html for the original documentation including regex syntax and examples. vim.re.compile({string}, {defs}) vim.re.compile() Compiles the given {string} and returns an equivalent LPeg pattern. The given string may define either an expression or a grammar. The optional {defs} table provides extra Lua values to be used by the pattern. Parameters: • {string} (`string`) • {defs} (`table?`) Return: (`vim.lpeg.Pattern`) vim.re.find({subject}, {pattern}, {init}) vim.re.find() Searches the given {pattern} in the given {subject}. If it finds a match, returns the index where this occurrence starts and the index where it ends. Otherwise, returns nil. An optional numeric argument {init} makes the search starts at that position in the subject string. As usual in Lua libraries, a negative value counts from the end. Parameters: • {subject} (`string`) • {pattern} (`vim.lpeg.Pattern|string`) • {init} (`integer?`) Return (multiple): (`integer?`) the index where the occurrence starts, nil if no match (`integer?`) the index where the occurrence ends, nil if no match vim.re.gsub({subject}, {pattern}, {replacement}) vim.re.gsub() Does a global substitution, replacing all occurrences of {pattern} in the given {subject} by {replacement}. Parameters: • {subject} (`string`) • {pattern} (`vim.lpeg.Pattern|string`) • {replacement} (`string`) Return: (`string`) vim.re.match({subject}, {pattern}, {init}) vim.re.match() Matches the given {pattern} against the given {subject}, returning all captures. Parameters: • {subject} (`string`) • {pattern} (`vim.lpeg.Pattern|string`) • {init} (`integer?`) Return: (`integer|vim.lpeg.Capture?`) See also: • vim.lpeg.match() vim.re.updatelocale() vim.re.updatelocale() Updates the pre-defined character classes to the current locale. ============================================================================== VIM.REGEX vim.regex Vim regexes can be used directly from Lua. Currently they only allow matching within a single line. regex:match_line() regex:match_line({bufnr}, {line_idx}, {start}, {end_}) Match line {line_idx} (zero-based) in buffer {bufnr}. If {start} and {end} are supplied, match only this byte index range. Otherwise see regex:match_str(). If {start} is used, then the returned byte indices will be relative {start}. Parameters: • {bufnr} (`integer`) • {line_idx} (`integer`) • {start} (`integer?`) • {end_} (`integer?`) regex:match_str({str}) regex:match_str() Match the string against the regex. If the string should match the regex precisely, surround the regex with ^ and $. If there was a match, the byte indices for the beginning and end of the match are returned. When there is no match, nil is returned. Because any integer is "truthy", regex:match_str() can be directly used as a condition in an if-statement. Parameters: • {str} (`string`) vim.regex({re}) vim.regex() Parse the Vim regex {re} and return a regex object. Regexes are "magic" and case-sensitive by default, regardless of 'magic' and 'ignorecase'. They can be controlled with flags, see /magic and /ignorecase. Parameters: • {re} (`string`) Return: (`vim.regex`) ============================================================================== Lua module: vim.secure vim.secure vim.secure.read({path}) vim.secure.read() Attempt to read the file at {path} prompting the user if the file should be trusted. The user's choice is persisted in a trust database at $XDG_STATE_HOME/nvim/trust. Parameters: • {path} (`string`) Path to a file to read. Return: (`string?`) The contents of the given file if it exists and is trusted, or nil otherwise. See also: • :trust vim.secure.trust({opts}) vim.secure.trust() Manage the trust database. The trust database is located at $XDG_STATE_HOME/nvim/trust. Parameters: • {opts} (`table`) A table with the following fields: • {action} (`'allow''deny''remove'`) - 'allow' to add a file to the trust database and trust it, • 'deny' to add a file to the trust database and deny it, • 'remove' to remove file from the trust database • {path}? (`string`) Path to a file to update. Mutually exclusive with {bufnr}. Cannot be used when {action} is "allow". • {bufnr}? (`integer`) Buffer number to update. Mutually exclusive with {path}. Return (multiple): (`boolean`) success true if operation was successful (`string`) msg full path if operation was successful, else error message ============================================================================== Lua module: vim.version vim.version The vim.version module provides functions for comparing versions and ranges conforming to the https://semver.org spec. Plugins, and plugin managers, can use this to check available tools and dependencies on the current system. Example: local v = vim.version.parse(vim.fn.system({'tmux', '-V'}), {strict=false}) if vim.version.gt(v, {3, 2, 0}) then -- ... end vim.version() returns the version of the current Nvim process. VERSION RANGE SPEC version-range A version "range spec" defines a semantic version range which can be tested against a version, using vim.version.range(). Supported range specs are shown in the following table. Note: suffixed versions (1.2.3-rc1) are not matched. 1.2.3 is 1.2.3 =1.2.3 is 1.2.3 >1.2.3 greater than 1.2.3 <1.2.3 before 1.2.3 >=1.2.3 at least 1.2.3 ~1.2.3 is >=1.2.3 <1.3.0 "reasonably close to 1.2.3" ^1.2.3 is >=1.2.3 <2.0.0 "compatible with 1.2.3" ^0.2.3 is >=0.2.3 <0.3.0 (0.x.x is special) ^0.0.1 is =0.0.1 (0.0.x is special) ^1.2 is >=1.2.0 <2.0.0 (like ^1.2.0) ~1.2 is >=1.2.0 <1.3.0 (like ~1.2.0) ^1 is >=1.0.0 <2.0.0 "compatible with 1" ~1 same "reasonably close to 1" 1.x same 1.* same 1 same * any version x same 1.2.3 - 2.3.4 is >=1.2.3 <=2.3.4 Partial right: missing pieces treated as x (2.3 => 2.3.x). 1.2.3 - 2.3 is >=1.2.3 <2.4.0 1.2.3 - 2 is >=1.2.3 <3.0.0 Partial left: missing pieces treated as 0 (1.2 => 1.2.0). 1.2 - 2.3.0 is 1.2.0 - 2.3.0 vim.version.cmp({v1}, {v2}) vim.version.cmp() Parses and compares two version objects (the result of vim.version.parse(), or specified literally as a `{major, minor, patch}` tuple, e.g. `{1, 0, 3}`). Example: if vim.version.cmp({1,0,3}, {0,2,1}) == 0 then -- ... end local v1 = vim.version.parse('1.0.3-pre') local v2 = vim.version.parse('0.2.1') if vim.version.cmp(v1, v2) == 0 then -- ... end Note: • Per semver, build metadata is ignored when comparing two otherwise-equivalent versions. Parameters: • {v1} (`vim.Versionnumber[]string`) Version object. • {v2} (`vim.Versionnumber[]string`) Version to compare with v1. Return: (`integer`) -1 if `v1 < v2`, 0 if `v1 == v2`, 1 if `v1 > v2`. vim.version.eq({v1}, {v2}) vim.version.eq() Returns true if the given versions are equal. See vim.version.cmp() for usage. Parameters: • {v1} (`vim.Versionnumber[]string`) • {v2} (`vim.Versionnumber[]string`) Return: (`boolean`) vim.version.ge({v1}, {v2}) vim.version.ge() Returns true if `v1 >= v2`. See vim.version.cmp() for usage. Parameters: • {v1} (`vim.Versionnumber[]string`) • {v2} (`vim.Versionnumber[]string`) Return: (`boolean`) vim.version.gt({v1}, {v2}) vim.version.gt() Returns true if `v1 > v2`. See vim.version.cmp() for usage. Parameters: • {v1} (`vim.Versionnumber[]string`) • {v2} (`vim.Versionnumber[]string`) Return: (`boolean`) vim.version.last({versions}) vim.version.last() TODO: generalize this, move to func.lua Parameters: • {versions} (`vim.Version[]`) Return: (`vim.Version?`) vim.version.le({v1}, {v2}) vim.version.le() Returns true if `v1 <= v2`. See vim.version.cmp() for usage. Parameters: • {v1} (`vim.Versionnumber[]string`) • {v2} (`vim.Versionnumber[]string`) Return: (`boolean`) vim.version.lt({v1}, {v2}) vim.version.lt() Returns true if `v1 < v2`. See vim.version.cmp() for usage. Parameters: • {v1} (`vim.Versionnumber[]string`) • {v2} (`vim.Versionnumber[]string`) Return: (`boolean`) vim.version.parse({version}, {opts}) vim.version.parse() Parses a semantic version string and returns a version object which can be used with other vim.version functions. For example "1.0.1-rc1+build.2" returns: { major = 1, minor = 0, patch = 1, prerelease = "rc1", build = "build.2" } Parameters: • {version} (`string`) Version string to parse. • {opts} (`table?`) Optional keyword arguments: • strict (boolean): Default false. If true, no coercion is attempted on input not conforming to semver v2.0.0. If false, parse() attempts to coerce input such as "1.0", "0-x", "tmux 3.2a" into valid versions. Return: (`vim.Version?`) parsed_version Version object or nil if input is invalid. See also: • https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.html vim.version.range({spec}) vim.version.range() Parses a semver version-range "spec" and returns a range object: { from: Version to: Version has(v: string|Version) } :has() checks if a version is in the range (inclusive from, exclusive to). Example: local r = vim.version.range('1.0.0 - 2.0.0') print(r:has('1.9.9')) -- true print(r:has('2.0.0')) -- false print(r:has(vim.version())) -- check against current Nvim version Or use cmp(), le(), lt(), ge(), gt(), and/or eq() to compare a version against .to and .from directly: local r = vim.version.range('1.0.0 - 2.0.0') -- >=1.0, <2.0 print(vim.version.ge({1,0,3}, r.from) and vim.version.lt({1,0,3}, r.to)) Parameters: • {spec} (`string`) Version range "spec" Return: (`table?`) A table with the following fields: • {from} (`vim.Version`) • {to}? (`vim.Version`) See also: • https://github.com/npm/node-semver#ranges ============================================================================== Lua module: vim.iter vim.iter vim.iter() is an interface for iterables: it wraps a table or function argument into an Iter object with methods (such as Iter:filter() and Iter:map()) that transform the underlying source data. These methods can be chained to create iterator "pipelines": the output of each pipeline stage is input to the next stage. The first stage depends on the type passed to vim.iter(): • List tables (arrays, lua-list) yield only the value of each element. • Use Iter:enumerate() to also pass the index to the next stage. • Or initialize with ipairs(): vim.iter(ipairs(…)). • Non-list tables (lua-dict) yield both the key and value of each element. • Function iterators yield all values returned by the underlying function. • Tables with a __call() metamethod are treated as function iterators. The iterator pipeline terminates when the underlying iterable is exhausted (for function iterators this means it returned nil). Note: vim.iter() scans table input to decide if it is a list or a dict; to avoid this cost you can wrap the table with an iterator e.g. vim.iter(ipairs({…})), but that precludes the use of list-iterator operations such as Iter:rev()). Examples: local it = vim.iter({ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }) it:map(function(v) return v * 3 end) it:rev() it:skip(2) it:totable() -- { 9, 6, 3 } -- ipairs() is a function iterator which returns both the index (i) and the value (v) vim.iter(ipairs({ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 })):map(function(i, v) if i > 2 then return v end end):totable() -- { 3, 4, 5 } local it = vim.iter(vim.gsplit('1,2,3,4,5', ',')) it:map(function(s) return tonumber(s) end) for i, d in it:enumerate() do print(string.format("Column %d is %d", i, d)) end -- Column 1 is 1 -- Column 2 is 2 -- Column 3 is 3 -- Column 4 is 4 -- Column 5 is 5 vim.iter({ a = 1, b = 2, c = 3, z = 26 }):any(function(k, v) return k == 'z' end) -- true local rb = vim.ringbuf(3) rb:push("a") rb:push("b") vim.iter(rb):totable() -- { "a", "b" } Iter:all({pred}) Iter:all() Returns true if all items in the iterator match the given predicate. Parameters: • {pred} (`fun(...):boolean`) Predicate function. Takes all values returned from the previous stage in the pipeline as arguments and returns true if the predicate matches. Iter:any({pred}) Iter:any() Returns true if any of the items in the iterator match the given predicate. Parameters: • {pred} (`fun(...):boolean`) Predicate function. Takes all values returned from the previous stage in the pipeline as arguments and returns true if the predicate matches. Iter:each({f}) Iter:each() Calls a function once for each item in the pipeline, draining the iterator. For functions with side effects. To modify the values in the iterator, use Iter:map(). Parameters: • {f} (`fun(...)`) Function to execute for each item in the pipeline. Takes all of the values returned by the previous stage in the pipeline as arguments. Iter:enumerate() Iter:enumerate() Yields the item index (count) and value for each item of an iterator pipeline. For list tables, this is more efficient: vim.iter(ipairs(t)) instead of: vim.iter(t):enumerate() Example: local it = vim.iter(vim.gsplit('abc', '')):enumerate() it:next() -- 1 'a' it:next() -- 2 'b' it:next() -- 3 'c' Return: (`Iter`) Iter:filter({f}) Iter:filter() Filters an iterator pipeline. Example: local bufs = vim.iter(vim.api.nvim_list_bufs()):filter(vim.api.nvim_buf_is_loaded) Parameters: • {f} (`fun(...):boolean`) Takes all values returned from the previous stage in the pipeline and returns false or nil if the current iterator element should be removed. Return: (`Iter`) Iter:find({f}) Iter:find() Find the first value in the iterator that satisfies the given predicate. Advances the iterator. Returns nil and drains the iterator if no value is found. Examples: local it = vim.iter({ 3, 6, 9, 12 }) it:find(12) -- 12 local it = vim.iter({ 3, 6, 9, 12 }) it:find(20) -- nil local it = vim.iter({ 3, 6, 9, 12 }) it:find(function(v) return v % 4 == 0 end) -- 12 Parameters: • {f} (`any`) Return: (`any`) Iter:flatten({depth}) Iter:flatten() Flattens a list-iterator, un-nesting nested values up to the given {depth}. Errors if it attempts to flatten a dict-like value. Examples: vim.iter({ 1, { 2 }, { { 3 } } }):flatten():totable() -- { 1, 2, { 3 } } vim.iter({1, { { a = 2 } }, { 3 } }):flatten():totable() -- { 1, { a = 2 }, 3 } vim.iter({ 1, { { a = 2 } }, { 3 } }):flatten(math.huge):totable() -- error: attempt to flatten a dict-like table Parameters: • {depth} (`number?`) Depth to which list-iterator should be flattened (defaults to 1) Return: (`Iter`) Iter:fold({init}, {f}) Iter:fold() Folds ("reduces") an iterator into a single value. Iter:reduce() Examples: -- Create a new table with only even values vim.iter({ a = 1, b = 2, c = 3, d = 4 }) :filter(function(k, v) return v % 2 == 0 end) :fold({}, function(acc, k, v) acc[k] = v return acc end) --> { b = 2, d = 4 } -- Get the "maximum" item of an iterable. vim.iter({ -99, -4, 3, 42, 0, 0, 7 }) :fold({}, function(acc, v) acc.max = math.max(v, acc.max or v) return acc end) --> { max = 42 } Parameters: • {init} (`any`) Initial value of the accumulator. • {f} (`fun(acc:A, ...):A`) Accumulation function. Return: (`any`) Iter:join({delim}) Iter:join() Collect the iterator into a delimited string. Each element in the iterator is joined into a string separated by {delim}. Consumes the iterator. Parameters: • {delim} (`string`) Delimiter Return: (`string`) Iter:last() Iter:last() Drains the iterator and returns the last item. Example: local it = vim.iter(vim.gsplit('abcdefg', '')) it:last() -- 'g' local it = vim.iter({ 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 }) it:last() -- 15 Return: (`any`) See also: • Iter.rpeek Iter:map({f}) Iter:map() Maps the items of an iterator pipeline to the values returned by f. If the map function returns nil, the value is filtered from the iterator. Example: local it = vim.iter({ 1, 2, 3, 4 }):map(function(v) if v % 2 == 0 then return v * 3 end end) it:totable() -- { 6, 12 } Parameters: • {f} (`fun(...):any`) Mapping function. Takes all values returned from the previous stage in the pipeline as arguments and returns one or more new values, which are used in the next pipeline stage. Nil return values are filtered from the output. Return: (`Iter`) Iter:next() Iter:next() Gets the next value from the iterator. Example: local it = vim.iter(string.gmatch('1 2 3', '%d+')):map(tonumber) it:next() -- 1 it:next() -- 2 it:next() -- 3 Return: (`any`) Iter:nth({n}) Iter:nth() Gets the nth value of an iterator (and advances to it). If n is negative, offsets from the end of a list-iterator. Example: local it = vim.iter({ 3, 6, 9, 12 }) it:nth(2) -- 6 it:nth(2) -- 12 local it2 = vim.iter({ 3, 6, 9, 12 }) it2:nth(-2) -- 9 it2:nth(-2) -- 3 Parameters: • {n} (`number`) Index of the value to return. May be negative if the source is a list-iterator. Return: (`any`) Iter:peek() Iter:peek() Gets the next value in a list-iterator without consuming it. Example: local it = vim.iter({ 3, 6, 9, 12 }) it:peek() -- 3 it:peek() -- 3 it:next() -- 3 Return: (`any`) Iter:pop() Iter:pop() "Pops" a value from a list-iterator (gets the last value and decrements the tail). Example: local it = vim.iter({1, 2, 3, 4}) it:pop() -- 4 it:pop() -- 3 Return: (`any`) Iter:rev() Iter:rev() Reverses a list-iterator pipeline. Example: local it = vim.iter({ 3, 6, 9, 12 }):rev() it:totable() -- { 12, 9, 6, 3 } Return: (`Iter`) Iter:rfind({f}) Iter:rfind() Gets the first value satisfying a predicate, from the end of a list-iterator. Advances the iterator. Returns nil and drains the iterator if no value is found. Examples: local it = vim.iter({ 1, 2, 3, 2, 1 }):enumerate() it:rfind(1) -- 5 1 it:rfind(1) -- 1 1 Parameters: • {f} (`any`) Return: (`any`) See also: • Iter.find Iter:rpeek() Iter:rpeek() Gets the last value of a list-iterator without consuming it. Example: local it = vim.iter({1, 2, 3, 4}) it:rpeek() -- 4 it:rpeek() -- 4 it:pop() -- 4 Return: (`any`) See also: • Iter.last Iter:rskip({n}) Iter:rskip() Discards n values from the end of a list-iterator pipeline. Example: local it = vim.iter({ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }):rskip(2) it:next() -- 1 it:pop() -- 3 Parameters: • {n} (`number`) Number of values to skip. Return: (`Iter`) Iter:skip({n}) Iter:skip() Skips n values of an iterator pipeline. Example: local it = vim.iter({ 3, 6, 9, 12 }):skip(2) it:next() -- 9 Parameters: • {n} (`number`) Number of values to skip. Return: (`Iter`) Iter:slice({first}, {last}) Iter:slice() Sets the start and end of a list-iterator pipeline. Equivalent to `:skip(first - 1):rskip(len - last + 1)`. Parameters: • {first} (`number`) • {last} (`number`) Return: (`Iter`) Iter:take({n}) Iter:take() Transforms an iterator to yield only the first n values. Example: local it = vim.iter({ 1, 2, 3, 4 }):take(2) it:next() -- 1 it:next() -- 2 it:next() -- nil Parameters: • {n} (`integer`) Return: (`Iter`) Iter:totable() Iter:totable() Collect the iterator into a table. The resulting table depends on the initial source in the iterator pipeline. List-like tables and function iterators will be collected into a list-like table. If multiple values are returned from the final stage in the iterator pipeline, each value will be included in a table. Examples: vim.iter(string.gmatch('100 20 50', '%d+')):map(tonumber):totable() -- { 100, 20, 50 } vim.iter({ 1, 2, 3 }):map(function(v) return v, 2 * v end):totable() -- { { 1, 2 }, { 2, 4 }, { 3, 6 } } vim.iter({ a = 1, b = 2, c = 3 }):filter(function(k, v) return v % 2 ~= 0 end):totable() -- { { 'a', 1 }, { 'c', 3 } } The generated table is a list-like table with consecutive, numeric indices. To create a map-like table with arbitrary keys, use Iter:fold(). Return: (`table`) ============================================================================== Lua module: vim.snippet vim.snippet vim.snippet.ActiveFilter Fields: • {direction} (`vim.snippet.Direction`) Navigation direction. -1 for previous, 1 for next. vim.snippet.active({filter}) vim.snippet.active() Returns true if there's an active snippet in the current buffer, applying the given filter if provided. You can use this function to navigate a snippet as follows: vim.keymap.set({ 'i', 's' }, '<Tab>', function() if vim.snippet.active({ direction = 1 }) then return '<cmd>lua vim.snippet.jump(1)<cr>' else return '<Tab>' end end, { expr = true }) Parameters: • {filter} (`vim.snippet.ActiveFilter?`) Filter to constrain the search with: • direction (vim.snippet.Direction): Navigation direction. Will return true if the snippet can be jumped in the given direction. See vim.snippet.ActiveFilter. Return: (`boolean`) vim.snippet.expand({input}) vim.snippet.expand() Expands the given snippet text. Refer to https://microsoft.github.io/language-server-protocol/specification/#snippet_syntax for the specification of valid input. Tabstops are highlighted with hl-SnippetTabstop. Parameters: • {input} (`string`) vim.snippet.jump({direction}) vim.snippet.jump() Jumps to the next (or previous) placeholder in the current snippet, if possible. For example, map <Tab> to jump while a snippet is active: vim.keymap.set({ 'i', 's' }, '<Tab>', function() if vim.snippet.active({ direction = 1 }) then return '<cmd>lua vim.snippet.jump(1)<cr>' else return '<Tab>' end end, { expr = true }) Parameters: • {direction} (`vim.snippet.Direction`) Navigation direction. -1 for previous, 1 for next. vim.snippet.stop() vim.snippet.stop() Exits the current snippet. ============================================================================== Lua module: vim.text vim.text vim.text.hexdecode({enc}) vim.text.hexdecode() Hex decode a string. Parameters: • {enc} (`string`) String to decode Return (multiple): (`string?`) Decoded string (`string?`) Error message, if any vim.text.hexencode({str}) vim.text.hexencode() Hex encode a string. Parameters: • {str} (`string`) String to encode Return: (`string`) Hex encoded string ============================================================================== Lua module: tohtml vim.tohtml :[range]TOhtml {file} :TOhtml Converts the buffer shown in the current window to HTML, opens the generated HTML in a new split window, and saves its contents to {file}. If {file} is not given, a temporary file (created by tempname()) is used. tohtml.tohtml({winid}, {opt}) tohtml.tohtml.tohtml() Converts the buffer shown in the window {winid} to HTML and returns the output as a list of string. Parameters: • {winid} (`integer?`) Window to convert (defaults to current window) • {opt} (`table?`) Optional parameters. • {title}? (`string|false`, default: buffer name) Title tag to set in the generated HTML code. • {number_lines}? (`boolean`, default: false) Show line numbers. • {font}? (`string[]|string`, default: guifont) Fonts to use. • {width}? (`integer`, default: 'textwidth' if non-zero or window width otherwise) Width used for items which are either right aligned or repeat a character infinitely. • {range}? (`integer[]`, default: entire buffer) Range of rows to use. Return: (`string[]`) vim:tw=78:ts=8:sw=4:sts=4:et:ft=help:norl: